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Biology > Chapter 6: Cells and their Structures > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Cells and their Structures Flashcards

0
Q

Define Magnification:

A

Ratio between the size of an image produced by a microscope and it’s actual size

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1
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of the Cell Theory?

A
  • all organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • cells are the smallest units of life
  • new cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division
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2
Q

Define Resolution:

A

Ability to observe two adjacent objects as distinct from one another

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3
Q

Define Contrast

A

How different one structure looks from another (enhanced by dyes)

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4
Q

Name the two electron microscope types:

A
  1. Transmission Electron Microscope

2. Scanning Electron Microscope

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6
Q

TEM

A
  • beam of electrons transmitted through sample
  • thin slices stained with heavy metals
  • some electrons scatter while others pass through to form an image
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7
Q

SEM

A
  • sample coated with heavy metal

- beam scans surface to make a 3D image

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8
Q

What are the two categories of cell structure?

A
  1. Prokaryotes

2. Eukaryotes

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9
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • Simple cell structure
  • Lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus
  • Single circular DNA chromosome
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10
Q

Name the two categories of Prokaryotes:

A

Bacteria (abundant)

Archaea (extreme environments)

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11
Q

Bacterial Cells:

A

Plasma Membrane: barrier

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12
Q

Cytoplasm:

A

Contained inside plasma membrane

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13
Q

Nucleiod:

A

Region where genetic material is found

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14
Q

Ribosomes:

A

Protein synthesis

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15
Q

Located outside the plasma membrane:

A

Cell Wall:

Support and protection

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16
Q

Glycocalyx:

A
  • Traps water

- Protection

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17
Q

Capsule:

A

Hard shell (carb) may help evade iune system

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18
Q

Appendages:

A

Fimbrea (attachment)
Flagella (locomotion)
Pilli (conjugation)

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19
Q

Eukaryotic Cells:

A

DNA HOUSED IN THE NUCLEUS

MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

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20
Q

Cytosol:

A

Outside cell organelles

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21
Q

Cytoplasm:

A

Everything in the plasma membrane

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22
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions by cells is the?

A

Metabolism

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23
Q

Catabolism:

A
  • Breakdown of a molecule
  • Releases Energy
  • Spontaneous
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24
Q

Anabolism:

A
  • Synthesis of a molecule
  • Requires Energy
  • Not Spontaneous
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25
Q

The process of polypeptide synthesis is?

A

Translation:

  • information within a gene is translated into the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
26
Q

The site of synthesis for proteins are?

A

Ribosomes

27
Q

RNA that brings amino acids

A

Transfer RNA : tRNA

28
Q

RNA that has information to make a polypeptide

A

Messenger RNA : mRNA

29
Q

The cytoskeleton is made up of what 3 protein filaments?

A
  1. Microtubules
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Actin filaments
30
Q

Microtubules:

A
  • Long, hollow cylindrical structures

- Dynamic Instability

31
Q

Intermediate filaments:

A
  • intermediate in size

- form twisted, rope like structure

32
Q

Actin filaments:

A
  • Also known as “Microfilaments”

- Long thin fibers

33
Q

What proteins use ATP to promote movement?

A

Motor proteins

34
Q

Name the 3 domains:

A

Head
Hinge
Tail

35
Q

Describe the Walking Analogy

A

Ground: cytoskeletal filament
Leg: motor protein
Hip: hinge

36
Q

What are the three kinds of movements:

A
  1. Moves cargo from one location to another
  2. Causes the filament to move (one moves past another)
  3. Exerts a force that causes the filament to bend
37
Q

Flagella:

A

Flagella- longer
Pairs or single
Internal Stucture: 9 + 2 microtubule array
Movement: begins at base and continues to the tip

38
Q

Cilia:

A

Shorter than flagella
Tend to cover all or part of the surface of a cell
Internal Structure: 9 + 2 microtubule array
Movement: begins at the base and continues to the tip

39
Q

Nuclear Envelope:

A
  • double membrane structure

- outer membrane is continuos with the ER

40
Q

Nuclear Pores:

A

Provide passageways

41
Q

DNA + PROTEINS =

A

CHROMATIN

42
Q

Several chromatin =

A

Chromosomes

43
Q

Has a Filamentous network and organizes chromosomes

A

Nuclear Matrix

44
Q

Where does ribosomal RNA occur?

A

Nucleolus

45
Q

Fluid filled tubules of the ER are called?

A

Cisternae

46
Q

A single compartment enclosed by the ER membrane is called?

A

ER lumen

47
Q

RER

A

Has ribosomes

Protein synthesis and sorting

48
Q

SER

A 
Lacks ribosomes
Synthesis and modification of lipids
Detoxification
Carbohydrate metabolism 
Calcium balance
49
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Vesicles transport materials btw stacks
Protein processing
Protein sorting
Secretion

50
Q

Lysosomes:

A 
Acid enzymes (acid hydrolases) that perform hydrolysis 
Breakdown macromolecules 
Autophagy ( endocytosis)
51
Q

Vacuoles:

A

Central Vacuoles: storage and support

Contractile Vacuoles: expel excess water

52
Q

Peroxisomes:

A

Catalyze certain reactions that oxidize molecules by removing hydrogen or adding oxygen

53
Q

What is a by-product of catalization?

A

H O
2 2

Hydrogen peroxide

54
Q

What breaks down H O
2 2

into water and oxygen?

A

Catalase

55
Q

Plasma Membrane:

A

Boundary between the cell and the extracellular environment

56
Q

Functions of the plasma membrane:

A

Membrane transport in and out of the cell
* selectively permeable
Cell signaling with the use of receptors
Cell Adhesion

57
Q

Mitochondria:

A

Makes ATP
Outer membrane
Intermembrane space
Inner membrane
Matrix
Contains it’s own DNA and divides by binary fission
Involved in the synthesis, modification, and breakdown of cellular molecules

58
Q

Chloroplast:

A 
Perform photosynthesis 
Capture light energy ➡️ synthesize organic molecules 
Outer membrane
Intermembrane space (stroma)
Thylakoid space
Inner membrane (Thylakoid)

Contain their own DNA and divide by binary fission

59
Q

Mitochondria is what?

Creates energy

A

Catabolic

60
Q

Chloroplast is?

Uses energy

A

Anabolic

61
Q

Light Microscope

A
  • Uses visible light for illumination

- Resolution 0.2 um

Biology (7 decks)

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