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NAPLEX 2025 > 28. HTN > Flashcards

28. HTN Flashcards

1
Q

Secondary HTN can be caused by ____

A

renal disease (e.g. CKD), adrenal disease, obstructive sleep apnea, or drugs

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2
Q

Pathophysiology of HTN includes increased activity of the ____ and ____

A

sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
RAAS

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3
Q

Drugs that can increase BP

A

Increased Symathomimetic Activity
ADHD drugs (amphetamine)
Recreational substances (cocaine, caffeine)
Decongestants (e.g. pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine)
Antidepressants (TCAs, SNRIs, MAO inhibitors)
Increased Blood Viscosity
NSAIDs
Systemic steroids
Immunousuppressants (cyclosporine)
Increased Blood Viscosity
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (epoetin alfa)
Other
Oral contraceptives (w/ higher estrogen)
VEGF inhibitors (bevacizumab, sunitinib)

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4
Q

Normal BP: SBP < ___ and DBP < ____

A

<120/80

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5
Q

HTN Stage 1: SBP ____ or DBP ____

A

SBP 130-139 or DBP 80-89

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6
Q

HTN Stage 2: SBP ____ or DBP ___

A

SBP ≥140 or DBP ≥90

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7
Q

Natural products used for HTN

A

fish oil and garlic (also Co-Q10 and L-arginine?)

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8
Q

When should HTN meds be started?

A

Stage 2 HTN (SBP≥140 or DBP≥90)
OR
Stage 1 HTN (SBP 130-139 or DBP 80-89) and any of the following:
- Clinical CVD (stroke, HF, CHD)
- 10 yr ASCVD risk ≥10%
- does not meet BP goal after 6 months of lifestyle modifications

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9
Q

BP Goal

A

<130/80

Note: KDIGO 2021 BP in CKD recommended SBP <120 in pts with HTN and CKD

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10
Q

Initial Drug selection based on specific characteristics: non-black

A

Thiazide, DHP CCB, ACEi/ARB

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11
Q

Initial Drug selection based on specific characteristics: Black

A

Thiazide, DHP CCB

(NOT ACEi/ARB)

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12
Q

Initial Drug selection based on specific characteristics: Stage 3 CKD (eGFR <60) and/or albuminuria (albumin ≥30)

A

ACEi/ARB

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13
Q

Start 2 first-line drugs when baseline average SBP and DBP > ____ above goal

A

> 20/10 (>150/90)

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14
Q

Monitoring: Check BP every ___ and titrate med if not at goal

A

month

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15
Q

Concern with use of ACEi/ARBs and pregnancy

A

Boxed warning for fetal toxicity in pregnancy, should be stopped immediately

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16
Q

ACOG recommends ___ and ____ as first-line treatments in pregnant pts. ____ is alt but may be less effective at BP lowering.

A

labetalol and nifedipine ER
Methyldopa

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17
Q

Preeclampsia occurs after week ___ of pregnancy and is evident by elevated BP and proteinuria. In pts high risk of preeclampsia (e.g. pre-existing HTN, renal disease, DM), ____ is recommended after first trimester

A

20 weeks
daily low-dose aspirin is recommended after first trimester

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18
Q

Thiazides and thiazide-type diuretics inhibit ___ reabsorption in the ____ causing increased excretion of ____

A

sodium reabsorption
distal convoluted tubule
sodium, chloride, water, and potassium

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19
Q

Chlorthalidone dosing

A

12.5-25mg daily

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20
Q

HCTZ dosing

A

12.5-50mg daily

Max dose is 100mg daily but doses > 50mg/day have limited clinical benefit and increase risk of adverse effects

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21
Q

Contraindications of thiazide, thiazide-type diuretics

A

Hypersensitivity to sulfonamide-derived drugs (not likely to cross-react)

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22
Q

Side effects of thiazide, thiazide-type diuretics (chlorthalidone, HCTZ)

A

Decrease K, Mg, Na
Increase Ca, UA, LDL, TG, BG
Photosensitivity, impotence, dizziness, rash

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23
Q

Thiazides are not effective when CrCl < ____

A

CrCl <30

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24
Q

Patient complains of waking up to use the bathroom since starting HCTZ. What do you recommend?

A

Take early in the day to avoid nocturia

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25
Which thiazide, thiazide-type diuretic is the only med in this class available as IV?
Chlorothiazide
26
Concern with thiazide diuretics and lithium
Thiazide diuretics decrease lithium renal clearance and increase lithium toxicity risk
27
DHP CCBs MOA & Side Effects
Inhibit Ca ions from entering vascular smooth muscle and myocardial cells DHP more selective for vascular smooth muscle causing peripheral arterial vasodilation (decrease SVR and BP) and coronary artery vasodilation Peripheral vasodilation leads to common side effects of reflex tachycardia/palpitations, HA, flushing, peripheral edema
28
Common DHP CCB options
Amlodipine (Norvasc) Nicardipine (Cardene IV) Nifedipine ER (Adalat CC, Procardia XL)
29
What is the concern of using nifedipine IR
Do NOT use for chronic HTN or acute BP reduction in non-pregnant adults (profound hypotension, MI and/or death has occured)
30
Side effects of DHP CCBs
generally well tolerated can cause peripheral edema, HA, flushing, palpitations, reflex tachycardia, fatigue, gingival hyperplasia (more common with non-DHP CCBs), nausea
31
___ is considered the safest if a CCB must be used to lower BP in HFrEF
Amlodipine
32
What antihypertensives are used to prevent peripheral vasoconstriction in Raynaud's (i.e. cold/blue fingers)
DHP CCBs (e.g. nifedipine ER)
33
Which DHP CCBs has a contraindication with allergy to soybeans, soy products, or eggs?
Clevidipine
34
Warnings for clevidipine
Hypotension, reflex tachycardia, infections
35
Side effects of clevidipine
Hypertriglyceridemia
36
Clevidipine is a milky-white lipid emulsion (provides ___ kcal/mL) Use strict aseptic technique d/t infection risk, max time of use after vial puncture is ____
2 kcal/ml 12 hrs
37
T/F: Non-DHP CCBs are more selective for the myocardium than DHP CCBs
True
38
The decrease in BP produced by non-DHP CCBs is d/t ___
Negative inotropic (decrease force of ventricular contraction) and Negative chronotropic (decrease rate) effects
39
Warnings for non-DHP CCBs (diltiazem, verapamil)
HF (may worsen symptoms), bradycardia Others: hypotension, acute liver injury, increase LFTs, cardiac conduction abnormalities (diltiazem), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (verapamil)
40
Side effects of non-DHP CCBs
constipation (more with verapamil), gingival hyperplasia, edema, HA, dizziness
41
When using CCBs, use caution with other drugs that decrease HR including ___
beta-blockers, digoxin, clonidine, amiodarone, and dexmedetomidine (Precedex)
42
All CCBs (except clevidipine) are major substrates of ___
CYP3A4 do not use with grapefruit juice and check for DDIs
43
Non-DHP CCBs (diltiazem, verapamil) are substrates and inhibitors of ___ and moderate inhibitors of ___
P-gp CYP3A4 Lower doses of simvastatin or lovastatin
44
ACEi and ARBs have shown to slow the progression of ____
CKD
45
In ___, ACEi/ARBs protect the myocardium from remodeling affects of Angiotensin II
Heart failure
46
Why should RAAS inhibitors (ACEi and ARBs) not be used in combination?
Increased risk for adverse effects
47
Angioedema is a potentially fatal adverse effect that can occur with the use of any drug. It is more common with ____ than ____, and___ patients have higher risk
ACEi than ARBs or aliskiren Black
48
T/F: if angioedema occurs with any RAAS inhibitor, other RAAS inhibitors should be avoided
True
49
ACEi MOA
Block conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, resulting to decrease vasoconstriction and decrease aldosterone secretion Block degradation of bradykinin, which is thought to contribute to vasodilatory effects and side effects such as dry, hacking cough and angioedema
50
Boxed warnings for ACEi
Injury and death to developing fetus in 2nd and 3rd trimesters, d/c as soon as pregnancy is detected
51
Contraindications with ACEi
Do not use with hx of angioedema Do not use within 36hr of sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto) Do not use with aliskiren in diabetes
52
Side effects with ACEi
cough, hyperkalemia, increase SCr, hypotension/dizziness
53
ARBs MOA
block angiotensin II from binding to angiotensin II type-1 (AT1) receptor on vascular smooth muscle, preventing vasoconstriction
54
Safety and side effects of ARBs is similar to ACEi except ____
less cough, less angioedema No wash out period needed with sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto)
55
Warnings with Olmesartan (Benicar)
Sprue-like enteropathy -- severe, chronic diarrhea with substantial weight loss; can occur months to years after drug initiation
56
___ is a direct renin inhibitor (decreases conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I)
Aliskiren (Tekturna)
57
Concern with ACEi and ARBs and lithium
ACEi and ARBs can decrease lithium renal clearance and increase lithium toxicity
58
What effect do all RAAS inhibitors have on electrolyte imbalance?
Increase risk of hyperkalemia
59
K-sparing diuretics are often used with _____ to counteract the mild potassium losses seen with thiazide diuretics
HCTZ (e.g. Triamterene+HCTZ = Maxzide)
60
Which aldosterone receptor antagonist is non-selective vs selective?
Spironolactone = non-selective Eplerenone = selective
61
Contraindications with K-sparing diuretics
Do not use if hyperkalemia, severe renal impairment, Addison's disease (spironolactone), or taking strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (eplerenone)
62
Which K-sparing diuretics are preferred add-on drugs in resistant HTN and used commonly in HF?
Aldosterone receptor antagonists - spironolactone and eplerenone
63
Side effects of K-sparing diuretics
Hyperkalemia, increase SCr, dizziness, hypochloremic metabolic acidosis Spironolactone: Gynecomastia, breast tenderness, impotence, irregular menses, amenorrhea Eplerenone: increase TGs
64
Concern with K-sparing diuretics and lithium use
Diuretics decrease lithium renal clearance and increase lithium toxicity
65
Beta-blockers are no longer recommended first-line for treating HTN unless ____
pt has comorbid condition for which beta-blockers are indicated (e.g. post-MI, stable ischemic heart disease, HF)
66
Which beta-blockers should be used if treating chronic HF?
Bisoprolol, carvedilol, metoprolol succinate
67
___ and ___ are beta-blockers with alpha-1 blocking properties which decreases peripheral vasoconstriction and provides additional BP lowering
Carvedilol and labetalol
68
Beta-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) (_____) partially stimulate beta receptors at rest while blocking effects of catecholamines (e.g. NE). They do not decrease HR to the same degree as beta-blockers without ISA and are NOT recommended post-MI or in HF
Acebutolol Others: penbutolol, pindolol
69
Boxed warnings for beta-blockers
Do not d/c abruptly, taper dose over 1-2 weeks to avoid acute tachycardia, HTN, and/or ischemia
70
Examples of beta-1 selective beta blockers
**A**tenolol (Tenormin) **M**etoprolol tartrate (Lopressor) - tablet, injection **M**etoprolol succinate ER (Toprol XL) - tab, capsule sprinkle **E**smolol (Brevibloc) - injection **B**isoprolol **B**etaxolol **A**cebutolol
71
Warnings for beta-blockers
Use caution in use caution in pts with DM - can worsen hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia and mask hypoglycemic symptoms Use caution with bronchospastic diseases (e.g. asthma, COPD); beta-1 selective preferred Use caution with Raynaud's
72
Side effects for beta-blockers
Bradycardia, hypotension, CNS effects (fatigue, dizziness, depression), impotence (less than thiazides), cold extremities (can exacerbate Raynaud's)
73
Most PO beta-blockers can be taken without regard to meals except ____
Metoprolol - Lopressor and Toprol XL Carvedilol - Coreg, Coreg CR (to decrease rate of absorption and risk of orthostatic hypotension)
74
Metoprolol tartrate IV to PO ratio
1 : 2.5
75
Beta-1 selective drugs mnemonic AMEBBA
Atenolol, metoprolol, esmolol, bisoprolol, betaxolol, acebutolol
76
___ is a beta-1 selective blocker with nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation
Nebivolol (Bystolic)
77
Examples of non-selective beta-blockers
Propranolol (Inderal LA, XL) Nadolol (Corgard) Others: pindolol, timolol
78
Which beta-blocker is a/w with more CNS side effects d/t high lipid solubility and crosses BBB? (but useful in other conditions like migraine ppx, essential tremor)
Propranolol
79
What type of beta-blockers are used in portal HTN?
Non-selective - propranolol, nadolol, pindolol, timolol
80
Examples of non-selective beta-blocker and alpha-1 blockers
Carvedilol (Coreg, Coreg CR) Labetalol
81
Why should all forms of carvedilol be taken with food?
to decrease rate of absorption and risk of orthostatic hypotension
82
T/F: dosing conversion from carvedilol IR to CR is 1 to 1
False
83
Which beta blocker is drug of choice in pregnancy?
Labetalol
84
Beta-blockers can mask s/sx of hypoglycemia except ____
sweating and hunger
85
Beta-blockers can cause hyperglycemia by ___
decreasing insulin secretion
86
When using beta-blockers, use caution when administering other drugs that decrease HR such as ___
diltiazem, verapamil, digoxin, clonidine, amiodarone, and dexmedetomidine (Precedex)
87
Which antihypertensive is commonly used for resistant HTN and in pts who cannot swallow since it is available in patch formulation?
Clonidine
88
Examples of centrally-acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists
Clonidine (Catapres, Catapres-TTS patch) Guanfacine IR Methyldopa
89
Contraindications for methyldopa
Concurrent use with MOAi and active liver disease
90
Warnings for centrally-acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (clonidine, guanfacine, methyldopa)
Do not d/c abruptly (can cause rebound HTN), sweating, anxiety, tremors) Taper over 2-4 days Methyldopa: risk for hemolytic anemia (detected by + Coombs test), hepatic necrosis
91
Side effects for centrally-acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (clonidine, guanfacine, methyldopa)
Dry mouth, somnolence, fatigue, dizziness, constipation, decrease HR, hypotension, impotence, HA, depression, behavioral changes (irritability, confusion, anxiety, nightmares) Clonidine patch - skin rash, pruritus, erythema Methyldopa - hypersensitivity reactions (DILE), edema or weight gain (control with diuretics), increase prolactin levels
92
Clonidine patch administration instructions
Apply weekly to clean dry and hairless area on upper outer arm or upper chest Remove before MRI Can apply adhesive cover over patch if it loosens
93
Which centrally-acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (clonidine, guanfacine, methyldopa) can be used in pregnancy?
Methyldopa
94
Examples of direct vasodilators
Hydralazine Minoxidil
95
Warnings with hydralazine
DILE - dose and duration related, peripheral edema, headache, flushing, palpitations, reflex tachycardia, blood dyscrasias, hypotension
96
Boxed warning for minodixil
Potent vasodilator - can cause pericardial effusion and angina exacerbations; administer with BB and loop diuretic
97
Side effects of minoxidil
hair growth (used as OTC topical for hair growth), tachycardia, fluid retention
98
T/F: Alpha blockers are not recommended for HTN but may be used in men who have HTN and BPH
True
99
Compare hypertensive urgency vs emergency
Emergency = includes organ damage (e.g. encephalopathy, stroke, AKI, acute coronary syndrome, aortic dissection, acute pulmonary edema) Urgency = no organ damage
100
Compare treatment of hypertensive urgency vs emergency
Emergency = IV meds, decrease BP by no more than 25% within the first hr), then if stable, decrease to ~160/100 in the next 2-6hrs Urgency = short acting PO meds or restart chronic HTN treatment in nonadherent pts , decrease BP gradually over 24-48hrs
101
102
Boxed warning with amiloride and triamterene
Hyperkalemia (K>5.5) more likely in pts with DM, renal impairment, or elderly pts
103
Which DHP CCB is considered drug of choice in pregnancy?
Nifedipine ER

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