28 Sleep

Question 1

Retinal ganglion cells are inhibited by:

And stimulated by:

Answer 1

ambient light

darkness

Question 2

Retinal ganglion cells contain the photopigment:

Answer 2

melanopsin

Question 3

Retinal ganglion cells fire off electrical signals that travel to:
When then activates:

Answer 3

the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Paraventricular Nucleus

Question 4

What causes melatonin release?

Answer 4

PVN (sympathetic nucleus) activates neurons in the intermediolateral gray zone of the upper spinal cord –> modulate neurons in the superior cervical ganglia –> pineal gland (to synth)

Question 5

Freq >13 Hz

Answer 5

beta

Question 6

Freq = 8-13 Hz

Answer 6

alpha

Question 7

Freq = 4-7 Hz

Answer 7

theta

Question 8

Freq <4 Hz

Answer 8

delta

Question 9

Non-REM

Answer 9

stages 1-4

Question 10

Lightest sleep

Answer 10

stage 1

Question 11

Deepest sleep

Answer 11

stage 4

Question 12

Sleep spindles + K complexes ocur

Answer 12

stage 2

Question 13

Stage 5 =

Answer 13

REM sleep

Question 14

The duration of stages __ and __ sleep last longer early in the sleep cycle.

Answer 14

3, 4

Question 15

Duration and frequency increases toward the morning or waking hours.

Answer 15

REM

Question 16

How many cycles of NREM and REM sleep during a 7-8 hour sleep period?

Answer 16

5-6

Question 17

Amount of REM sleep needed (increases/decreases) with age

Answer 17

decr

Question 18

Eye movements in NREM?

Answer 18

slow, rolling

Question 19

Muscle tone in NREM?

Answer 19

decr, but movements still can occur

Question 20

Vitals and metabolism in NREM?

Answer 20

decr

Question 21

Dreams in NREM?

Answer 21

less vivid, low emotional content

Question 22

Eye movements in REM?

Answer 22

rapid, ballistic

Question 23

Muscle tone in REM?

Answer 23

paralysis

Question 24

Vitals and metabolism in REM?

Answer 24

approach wake level

Question 25

Dreams in REM?

Answer 25

vivd, bizarre, strong emotional content

Question 26

Sleep walking and night terrors occur during:

Answer 26

NREM (III, IV)

Question 27

Penile erection occurs during:

Answer 27

REM

Question 28

Brainstem nuclei incr in wake/arousal and decr in NREM?

Answer 28

- PPT and LDT - locus ceruleus - sub. nigra - raphe nuclei

Question 29

Hypothalamic nuclei incr in wake/arousal and decr in NREM?

Answer 29

- tuberomamillary | - lateral hypothalamic

Question 30

Nucleus which harbors GABAergic neurons and Galanin neurons both of which innervate and inhibit all of the nuclei involved in arousal?

Answer 30

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO)

Question 31

Activation of the VLPO causes:

Answer 31

decreased forebrain arousal leading to the onset and progression of NREM sleep through its four stages.

Question 32

Lesion of the VLPO causes:

Answer 32

insomnia

Question 33

NT of PPT and LDT?

Answer 33

ACh

Question 34

NT of locus ceruleus?

Answer 34

NE

Question 35

NT of raphe nuclei?

Answer 35

DA

Question 36

NT of tuberomamillary nuclei?

Answer 36

Histamine

Question 37

NT of lateral hypothalamic nuclei?

Answer 37

orexin/hypocretin

Question 38

Hypothalamic nuclei decr in wake/arousal?

Answer 38

VLPO

Question 39

NT for VLPO?

Answer 39

GABA/galanin

Question 40

Responsible for the paralysis associated with REM sleep?

Answer 40

on-actvation of medullary brainstem areas --> glycine inh of ant horn cells in spinal cord

Question 41

REM-ON cells?

Answer 41

PPT, LDT

Question 42

REM-OFF cells?

Answer 42

locus ceruleus

Question 43

How do somnogens induce sleep?

Answer 43

build up during wakefulness --> promote sleep

Question 44

3 known somnogens:

Answer 44

adenosine (levels decline during sleep) cytokines (TNF, IL-1beta) melatonin

Question 45

Sleep apnea: duration of apneic periods? % of desat?

Answer 45

>10s | >4%

Question 46

Signs/symptoms of narcolepsy?

Answer 46

- daytime sleep attacks - cataplexy - persistent REM atonia after waking - hypnagogic hallucinations

Question 47

Pathophys of narcolepsy?

Answer 47

loss of orexin/hypocretin secreting neurons in the post lateral hypothalamus (low CSF hypocretin-1 levels)

Question 48

Primary REM sleep behavior disorder may be associateed with:

Answer 48

alpha synucleinopathies (PAD, Lewy body dementia, etc)