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revolution And Foundimg era Flashcards

0
Q

Pilgrims

A
  • seeking religious freedom in the New World,
  • set sail from England on the Mayflower in September 1620. That November, the ship landed on the shores of Cape Cod, in present-day Massachusetts. A
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1
Q

Puritans

A

group of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries

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2
Q

Jamestown

A

-was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas.

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3
Q

Bacons Rebellion

A

rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley.

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4
Q

English Civil War

A
  • (1642–1651)
  • armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (“Roundheads”) and Royalists (“Cavaliers”) in the Kingdom of England over, principally, the manner of its government.
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5
Q

Glorious Revolution

A
  • called Revolution of 1688,
  • overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange).
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6
Q

French and Indian War

A

1754–1763
was the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years’ War.
-The war was fought between the colonies of British America and New France

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7
Q

Ben Franklin

A

one of the Founding Fathers

-drafted the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.

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8
Q

Stamp Act

A

1765
an act of the Parliament of Great Britain that imposed a direct tax on the colonies of British America and required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London, carrying an embossed revenue stamp

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9
Q

James Otis

A
  • advocate of the Patriot views against British policy that led to the American Revolution.
  • His catchphrase “Taxation without representation is tyranny” became the basic Patriot position.
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10
Q

Boston massacre

A

killing of five colonists by British regulars on March 5, 1770. It
was the culmination of tensions in the American colonies that had been growing since Royal troops first appeared in Massachusetts in October 1768 to enforce the heavy tax burden imposed by the Townshend Acts.

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11
Q

Boston tea party

A

was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, on December 16, 1773. The demonstrators, some disguised as American Indians, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company, in defiance of the Tea Act of May 10, 1773.

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12
Q

Lexington

A

site of the first shot of the American Revolutionary War, in the Battle of Lexington on April 19, 1775, as the “Shot heard ‘round the world” when news spread about the revolution.

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13
Q

Articles of confederation

A

document signed amongst the 13 original colonies that established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution.

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14
Q

Yorktown

A

October 19, 1781 at Yorktown, Virginia, was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by British lord and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis.

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15
Q

Shays rebellion

A

Shays’ Rebellion was an armed uprising that took place in Massachusetts (mostly in and around Springfield) during 1786 and 1787, which some historians believe “fundamentally altered the course of United States’ history.” [1][2] Fueled by perceived economic terrorism and growing disaffection with State and Federal governments,[1] Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led a group of rebels (called Shaysites) in rising up first against Massachusetts’ courts, and later in marching on the United States’ Federal Armory at Springfield in an unsuccessful attempt to seize its weaponry and overthrow the government.[2] Although Shays’

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16
Q

James Madison

A

4th President of the United States (1809–1817)
the “Father of the Constitution” for being instrumental in the drafting of the United States Constitution and as the key champion and author of the United States Bill of Rights.

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17
Q

Alexander Hamilton

A
  • a founding father of the United States,

founder of the nation’s financial system, and the founder of the first American political party

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18
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A
  • was an American Founding Father, the -principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776)
  • third President of the United States (1801–1809)
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19
Q

George Washington

A

the first President of the United States (1789–1797),

  • Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War
  • one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
  • He presided over the convention that drafted the Constitution
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20
Q

Federalist papers

A

is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution.

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21
Q

Bill of rights

A

name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.
-these amendments guarantee a number of personal freedoms, limit the government’s power in judicial and other proceedings, and reserve some powers to the states and the public.

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22
Q

Bank of the United States

A

Created by Congress on February 25, 1791. Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury.

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23
Q

Whiskey Rebellion

A

a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791

  • provoked by the imposition of an excise tax on distilled spirits.
  • a “whiskey tax.” excise was a part of treasury secretary -Alexander Hamilton’s program to fund war debt incurred during the Revolutionary War.
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24
Q

French Revolution

A

1789 to 1799
Period of radical change
Marked the decline of powerful monarchies and churches
Rise of democracy and nationalism

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25
Q

Federalist Party

A

First american political party
1790s to 1816
Controlled government until 1801

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26
Q

Alien and Sedition Acts

A

Passed in 1798
Passed by federalist congress made it harder for foreigners to vote
Prohibited public opposition to government

27
Q

Election of 1800

A
  • 4th quadrennial presidential election.
    -Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams.
    demise of the Federalist Party in the First Party System.
28
Q

Marbury v Madison

A

1803 court announced first time the principle that a court may declare an act of congress void if inconsistent with constitution

29
Q

Cotton gin

A

1794
Inventor Eli Whitney patterned the cotton gin machine
Revolutionized the production of cotton by speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber

30
Q

Louisiana Purchase

A

-acquisition by the United States of America in 1803 of 828,000 of France’s claim to the territory of Louisiana.
The U.S. paid 50 15 million dollars The Louisiana territory encompassed all or part of 15 present U.S. states and two Canada

31
Q

Lewis and Clark

A

Explorers who lead an expedition into uncharted american interior to the Pacific Northwest in 1804-1806

The corps discovery reached the Pacific Ocean in 1805

32
Q

Trafalgar

A

(21 October 1805) a naval engagement fought by the Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies

The battle was the most decisive naval victory of the war.

33
Q

War of 1812

A

a military conflict, lasting for two-and-a-half years, between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, its North American colonies and its American Indian allies.
resolved many issues which remained from the American Revolutionary War but involved no boundary changes. The United States declared war on June 18, 1812 for several reasons, including trade restrictions brought about by the British war with France, the impressment of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy, British

34
Q

Missouri compromise

A

The Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories.

During presidency of James Monroe

35
Q

Election of 1824

A
  • 10th quadrennial presidential election, held from Tuesday, October 26, to Thursday, December 2, 1824. John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825, after the election was decided by the House of Representatives in what was termed the Corrupt Bargain. The previous years had seen a one-party government in the United States, as the Federalist Party dissolved, leaving only the Democratic-Republican Party as a national political entity. In this election, the Democratic-Republican Party splintered as four separate candidates sought the presidency. This process did not yet lead to formal party
36
Q

John Marshall

A

John Marshall (September 24, 1755 – July 6, 1835) was the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1801–1835). His court opinions helped lay the basis for United States constitutional law and made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1799 to 1800. He was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801.

37
Q

McCulloch v. Maryland

A

McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819), was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. Though the law, by its language, was generally applicable to all banks not chartered in Maryland, the Second Bank of the United States was the only out-of-state bank then existing in Maryland, and the law was recognized in the court’s opinion as having specifically targeted the Bank of the U.S. The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution’s list of express powers, provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers of Congress under the Constitution.

38
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A

The Monroe Doctrine was a US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries in 1823 It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

39
Q

Spoils system

A

a spoils system is a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party

40
Q

Nullification

A

Nullification, in United States constitutional history, is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional. The theory of nullification has never been legally upheld by federal courts.[1]

The theory of nullification is based on a view that the States formed the Union by an agreement (or “compact”) among the States, and that as creators of the federal government, the States have the final authority

41
Q

Roger Taney

A

fifth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He is most remembered for delivering the majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), that ruled, among other things, that African-Americans, having been considered inferior at the time the Constitution was drafted, were not part of the original community of citizens and, whether free or slave, could not be considered citizens of the United States.

42
Q

Democratic Party

A

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States

43
Q

Whig party

A

The Whig Party was a political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States of America. Four Presidents of the United States were members of the Whig Party.

44
Q

Erie Canal

A

a canal in New York Built to create a navigable water route from New York City and the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes, the canal helped New York eclipse Philadelphia as the largest city and port[1][2] on the Eastern Seaboard of the United States.

45
Q

Nativism

A

political position of demanding a favored status for certain established inhabitants of a nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants.[1] -opposition to immigration and support of efforts to lower the political or legal status of specific ethnic or cultural groups because the groups are considered hostile or alien to the natural culture, and assumptions that they cannot be assimilated.

46
Q

Telegraph

A

Although early telegraphic precedents, such as signalling through the lighting of pyres, have existed since ancient times, long distance telegraphy (transmission of complex messages) started in 1792 in the form of semaphore lines, or optical telegraphs, that sent messages to a distant observer through line-of-sight signals. Commercial electrical telegraphs were introduced from 1837

47
Q

Samuel Morse

A

-Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of the Morse code, and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy.

48
Q

Nat Turner

A

slave who led a slave rebellion in Virginia on August 21, 1831 that resulted in 60 white deaths. Whites responded with at least 200 black deaths.

49
Q

Ralph Waldo Emerson

A

led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century.

formulating and expressing the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay, Nature. Following this ground-breaking work, he gave a speech entitled “The American Scholar” in 1837

50
Q

Henry David Thoreau

A

leading transcendentalist.[2] He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay Resistance to Civil Government (also known as Civil Disobedience), an argument for disobedience to an unjust state.

51
Q

Mormons

A

religious and cultural group related to Mormonism, the principal branch of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity, which began with the visions of Joseph Smith in upstate New York during the 1820s.

52
Q

William Lloyd garrison

A

. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, which he founded in 1831
one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

53
Q

Abolitionist

A

noun

a person who favors the abolition of a practice or institution, especially capital punishment or (formerly) slavery.

54
Q

Fredrick Douglas

A

African-American social reformer, orator, writer, and statesman. After escaping from slavery, he became a leader of the abolitionist movement, living counter-example to slaveholders’ arguments that slaves lacked the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens

55
Q

Manifest destiny

A

Primary force that lead US to expand to the west
Belief by Anglo Saxon Americans it was the destiny of us to expand across North America and that institutions were capable of self government

56
Q

The Alamo

A

The Battle of the Alamo (February 23 – March 6, 1836) was a pivotal event in the Texas Revolution. Following a 13-day siege, Mexican troops under President General Antonio López de Santa Anna launched an assault on the Alamo Mission near San Antonio de Béxar (modern-day San Antonio, Texas, United States), killing all of the Texian defenders. Santa Anna’s cruelty during the battle inspired many Texians—both Texas settlers and adventurers from the United States—to join the Texian Army. Buoyed by a desire for revenge, the Texians defeated the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto, on April 21, 1836, ending the revolution.

57
Q

Mexican War

A

conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. It followed in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory, despite the 1836 Texas
American forces quickly occupied New Mexico and California,
American army captured Mexico City, and the war ended in a victory for the United States.

58
Q

Guadalupe Hidalgo

A

is the peace treaty signed on 2 February 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo between the U.S. and Mexico that ended the Mexican–American …

59
Q

Gold rush of 1849

A

The California Gold Rush (1848–1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter’s Mill in Coloma, California.

60
Q

Republican Party

A

The Republican Party, also commonly called the GOP (abbreviation for Grand Old Party), is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States,

61
Q

Bleeding Kansas

A

Bloody Kansas or the Border War was a series of violent political confrontations in the United States involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery “Border Ruffian” elements, that took place in the Kansas Territory and the neighboring towns of the state of Missouri between 1854 and 1861.

62
Q

Dred Scott case

A

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857), was a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court

63
Q

John brown

A

Ja white American abolitionist who believed armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States.

64
Q

Election of 1860

A

19th quadrennial presidential election. The election was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1860 and served as the immediate impetus for the outbreak of the American Civil War. The United States had been divided during the 1850s on questions surrounding the expansion of slavery and the rights of slave owners. In 1860, these issues broke the Democratic Party into Northern and Southern factions, and a new Constitutional Union Party appeared. In the face of a divided opposition, the Republican Party, dominant in the North, secured a majority of the electoral votes, putting Abraham Lincoln in the White House with almost no support from the South.

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