Foundations - Ch 22 Sec 2 + 3 - The Enlightenment

Question 1

The enlightenment was an outgrowth of what

Answer 1

the scientific revolution

Question 2

What was the enlightenment

Answer 2

a new intellectual movement that stressed reason, thought, and the power of individuals to solve problems

Question 3

What were the philosophes in the enlightenment in favor of

Answer 3

• liberty
• freedom of information, speech, religion, and occupation
• limited monarchy
• education
• natural rights (of the people)
• progress
• the here and now (secular)

Question 4

What were the philosophes in the enlightenment against

Answer 4

• strict dogma (believing just because of tradition)
• superstition
• religious control/intolerance
• censorship
• idea that monarchs are above the law
• torture
• slavery

Question 5

Who participated in the Enlightenment

Answer 5

• educated elite
• middle/upper class men (“the better sort of men”)
• elite educated women
• some monarchs (enlightened despots)

Question 6

Where was the headquarters of the enlightenment

Answer 6

Paris

Question 7

What were salons

Answer 7

social gatherings held by wealthy women in Paris where great intellects met to discuss ideas

Question 8

baroque

Answer 8

european art style characterized by a grand, ornate design that dominated the 1600s and early 1700s

Question 9

neoclassical

Answer 9

simple, elegant art style of the late 1700s

Question 10

social contract

Answer 10

the agreement by which people created a government

Question 11

What were enlightened monarchs

Answer 11

monarchs who embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected the enlightenment spirit

Question 12

Who were the enlightened monarchs

Answer 12

Frederick the Great
Joseph II
Catherine the Great

Question 13

What was Frederick the Great king of?

Answer 13

Prussia

Question 14

What did Joseph II rule?

Answer 14

Austria

Question 15

What did Catherine the Great rule?

Answer 15

Russia

Question 16

Why weren’t there any enlightened despots from England

Answer 16

They were really ahead of the game and had had a limited monarchy for like 100 years already

Question 17

What did Frederick the Great do?

Answer 17

• granted religious freedoms
• reduced censorship
• improved education
• abolished use of torture in justice system
• was a “servant of the state”

Question 18

What didn’t Frederick the Great do?

Answer 18

end serfdom/try to change the existing social order because he needed the support of wealthy land owners

Question 19

What did Joseph II do?

Answer 19

• introduced legal reforms
• introduced freedom of the press
• supported freedom of worship
• abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor in cash

Question 20

What happened to Joseph II’s reform where he abolished serfdom?

Answer 20

it was undone after his death because the nobles didn’t like it

Question 21

What did Catherine the Great do?

Answer 21

• was in contact w voltaire
• formed a commission to review Russia’s laws
• tried to allow religious toleration
• tried to abolish torture and capital punishment
• expanded Russia

Question 22

What didn’t Catherine the Great do?

Answer 22

little to improve the life of the Russian peasants because she needed the support of the nobles to keep her throne

Question 23

what was the connection between the sci rev and the enlightenment

Answer 23

in the SR, scientists, etc, used reason for math and science to try and understand how the world works. in the enlightenment, people took it a step further and applied reason to a lot of other aspects of life

Question 24

how did salons and Diderot’s encyclopedia help spread enlightenment ideas

Answer 24

they got the word out to many people, and not always just the super educated elite

Question 25

Locke - key ideas

Answer 25

believed people were naturally good
wanted a limited monarchy
3 natural rights that should be protected by gov
gov’s power comes from consent of governed and people have right to overthrow

Question 26

Hobbes - key ideas

Answer 26

believed people naturally evil and that they needed an absolute monarchy with all the power in order to survive
people had to give up their rights to the gov, and in return they got happiness and security

Question 27

Rousseau - key ideas

Answer 27

believed in a direct democracy and that civilization corrupted peoples’ natural goodness
all people equal

Question 28

Montesquieu - key ideas

Answer 28

separation of powers

checks and balances in gov

Question 29

Beccaria - key ideas

Answer 29

believed laws existed to preserve social order, not avenge crimes
no cruel/unusual punishment
speedy trial for accused
gov should seek greatest good for greatest # of people

Question 30

Voltaire

Answer 30

fought for tolerance, reason, and freedom of speech, religion, etc

Question 31

Wollstonecraft

Answer 31

believed women’s education is just as important as men’s

believed women should enter male-dominated fields

Question 32

what is divine right

Answer 32

the idea that monarchs are God’s representatives on earth and therefore answerable only to God

Question 33

What were the basic beliefs of the enlightenment

Answer 33

Social contract, consent of the governed, due process, separation of powers, secularism, equality, justice

Question 33

What were the basic beliefs of the enlightenment

Answer 33

Social contract, consent of the governed, due process, separation of powers, secularism, equality, justice

Question 34

What ideas was the enlightenment rejecting

Answer 34

Censorship, superstition, dogmatism