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Muscular System > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

4 main functions of muscles

A

Movement
Body position
Heat
Storing/moving substances

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2
Q

Movement occurs as a result of -

A

muscular contraction

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3
Q

How do muscles assist in body position?

A

Continual partila contraction provides posture and balance

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4
Q

What produces heat?

A

Muscle contraction

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5
Q

What is the process by which muscles produce heat called?

A

thermogenisis

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6
Q

Thermogenisis contributes to which bodily system essential for homeostasis?

A

Core temperature

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7
Q

3 examples of how muscles store/move substances

A

Sphincters - prevent out-flow from hollow organ - stomach/bladder
Contraction/relaxation of smooth muscle in blood vessels helps adjust blood flow
Smooth muscle contractions move food through the gastrointestinal tract, propel urine and push gametes.

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8
Q

4 properties of muscle -

A

CEEE
Contractability
Excitability - can be triggered by nerve impulses
Extensibility - can stretch without being damaged
Elasticity - returns to original shape after contraction/extension

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9
Q

2 types of muscle - (S)

A

Striated and non-striated

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10
Q

2 types of striated muscle

A

Skeletal

cardiac

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11
Q

type of non-striated muscle

A

smooth

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12
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

VOLUNTARY

attached to bone/cartilage

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13
Q

What is Cardiac muscle

A

INVOLUNTARY

AUTORYTHMIC

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14
Q

What is smooth muscle

A

INVOLUNTARY

DO NOT TIRE!

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15
Q

Where can you find smooth muscle?

A

walls of hollow organs (guts, bladder)
blood vessels
eye (pupil dilation)

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16
Q

Define autorythmic

A

Contraction without direct nervous stimulation

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17
Q

How is skeletal muscle structured?

A

Parellel muscle fibres

multi nucleated

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18
Q

How is smooth muscle structured?

A

Randomly arranged contractile proteins

1 nucleus per cell

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19
Q

A unique feature of cardiac muscle?

A

Intercalated discs

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20
Q

Muscle cells are known as x or x?

A

Muscle fibres or myocytes

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21
Q

Which is the longest cell in the body

A

myocyte

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22
Q

how long is a myocyte?

A

10-30cm

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23
Q

How are muscle fibres formed?

A

From the embryonic fusion of myoblasts.

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24
Q

What do muscle fibres lose the ability to do once they are mature?

A

Undergo Mitosis

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25
Q

Are the number of skeletal muscle fibres each person has set before birth?

A

yes

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26
Q

Muscle growth, or enlargement of existing fibres is known as -

A

Hypertrophy

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27
Q

Can muscle cells regenerate?

A

it is limited. Via Satellite cells.

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28
Q

Flesh/muscle in latin is -

A

sarco

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29
Q

Mycoctyes or Muscle fibres are made up of many -

A

Myofibrils

30
Q

Myofibrils are made up of thick and thin microfilaments or myofilaments called -

A

Myosin - thick

Actin - thin

31
Q

A repeating section of Myofibril is called a -

A

sarcomere

32
Q

Each Myofibril is covered in -

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

33
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores -

A

Calcium

34
Q

tubes extending from the plasma membrane surface into the muscle cell are called -

A

Transverse Tubules

T Tubules

35
Q

Muscle cell cytoplasm is known as

A

sarcoplasm

36
Q

sarcoplasm is arranged as

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

37
Q

Each myofibril is surrounded by

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

38
Q

What travel through the sarcolemma and transverse tubules, spreading through muscle to cause contraction?

A

Action Potentials

39
Q

In sarcomeres, dark ares where myofilaments overlap are

A

A bands

40
Q

in sarcomeres light area of non-overlap are -

A

I bands

41
Q

3 connective tissues in and around muscles are -

A

Epimyseum
Perimysium
Endomysium

42
Q

Wrapped around entire muscles you will find the -

A

Epimysium

43
Q

The epimysium serves as an actor point for

A

fascia
tendons
ligaments

44
Q

What is the perimysium

A

Invagination of Epimyseum around fascicles

45
Q

Where would you find the Endomyseum

A

around individual muscle cells

46
Q

Are the Epimysium, perimysium and Endomysium all connected to each other?

A

yes (invagination)

47
Q

what is a motor neuron?

A

nerve cell

48
Q

What is a motor end plate?

A

termination of motor neurons in minute pads on the muscle fibre

49
Q

The meeting point where a motor end plate meets the muscle fibre is known as -

A

Neuromuscular junction

50
Q

The neurotransmitter that bridges the junction gap is -

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

51
Q

1 nerve fibre and it’s corresponding muscle fibres is a

A

motor unit

52
Q

the strength of a muscle contraction depends on what

A

the number of motor units in action at a time

53
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

1 nerve fibre and its corresponding muscle fibres

54
Q

3 steps of contraction in SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY

A

1) Nerve fibre stimulation at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNcTION
2) ACTION POTENTIAL spreads from nerve, along SARCOLEMMA & T TUBULES into muscle cell releasing Calcium from the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.
3) CALCIUM & ATP trigger MYOSIN to bind to ACTIN to they slide/pull together, shortening fibre = CONTRACTION.

55
Q

ATP is short for

A

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

56
Q

3 steps of relaxation in SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY

A

1) NERVE stimulation stops
2) MAGNESIUM & ATP pumps Calcium back into storage, breaking ACTIN/MYOSIN bond.
3) Actin & Myosin slide back, lengthening fibre = RELAXATION

57
Q

What effect does Magnesium have on muscle fibres?

A

Makes them LESS EXCITABLE and prevents MYOSIN binding with ACTIN.

58
Q

Why would an Epsom salt bath help your muscles to relax?

A

The Magnesium would stop the Myosin binding with Actin.

59
Q

What is the theory of how muscles move called?

A

SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY

60
Q

Muscle contraction require large amounts of -

A

ATP

61
Q

ATP is converted into x and x

A

energy and heat

62
Q

metabolism definition

A

Breakdown of compounds to produce energy (ATP) for bodily functions

63
Q

Muscles need a good X supply

A

blood supply

64
Q

What does blood do for muscles?

A

provides OXYGEN & NUTRIENTS

removes WASTE

65
Q

ATP is derived from the breakdown/metabolism of what?

A

Carbohydrates (glucose)
Fats
Proteins

66
Q

Shape of SR?

A

Foam net around each myofibril

67
Q

Oxygen-binding protein present in Sarcoplasm is called -

A

myoglobin

68
Q

Muscles get their oxygen from -

A

Myoglobin

69
Q

How many Mitochondria in a Myofibril?

A

Many

70
Q

difference between ligament & tendon

A

tendon binds bone to muscle, ligament binds bone to bone

Muscular System (7 decks)

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