Intro to Neuro

Question 0

What does the PNS consist of?

Answer 0

motor neurons, sensory neurons, autonomic neurons & **enteric NS (gut) (part of PNS is in CNS)

Question 1

What does the CNS consist of?

Answer 1

forebrain, cerebellum, brainstem & spinal cord

Question 2

Gray matter consists of __, __, & ___

Answer 2

nucleus (cell bodies), cortex & ganglion

Question 3

White matter consists of __, ___, & ___

Answer 3

tract, fasciculu, lemniscus & peduncle

Question 4

What is basal ganglia?

Answer 4

cluster of nuclei

Question 5

In the brain, white matter is on the ___ & gray matter is on the ___. In the spinal cord, white matter is on the ___ & gray matter is on the ___.

Answer 5

brain - white - inside & gray - outside spinal cord - white - outside & gray - inside

Question 6

What are the spaces in the CNS called?

Answer 6

ventricles, aqueduct, sulcus (fissures) & cisterns

Question 7

Sulci/fissures will connect to the ___ but ventricles do not.

Answer 7

outside

Question 8

What is a cistern?

Answer 8

space that are outside the brain

Question 9

What are the 2 sulci? Where is the longitudinal fissure?

Answer 9

central sulcus & lateral sulcus Longitudinal fissure is midline & separates the 2 hemispheres

Question 10

How many lobes are there? Name them

Answer 10

5 frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital & limbic - insula

Question 11

What does the limbic lobe contain?

Answer 11

cingulate cortex - the gyri right above corpus collosum parahippocampal - connects the cingulate cortex to temporal lobe Limbic system contains insula & amygdala

Question 12

Where is the insula?

Answer 12

move the lateral sulcus & separate the frontal, parietal & temporal lobe - the inside is the insula In coronal cut, it’s lateral to the ventricles & through the lateral sulcus

Question 13

What does the basal ganglia contain?

Answer 13

caudate, putamen, globus, pallidus & nucleus accumbens

Question 14

What are the different function of the 5 lobes?

Answer 14

Frontal - motor (primary motor cortex - anterior part of central sulcus/fissure) & personality Parietal - somatosensory cortex; spatial awareness Occipital - visual cortex Temporal - auditory cortex; learning & memory (events & facts)

Question 15

What functions are involved with basal ganglia?

Answer 15

initiation of movement (parkiNsons) , thoughts, rewards, etc.

Question 16

What functions are involved with the limbic system?

Answer 16

emotion, behavior, motivation, learning & memory & olfaction

Question 17

What does the thalamus do?

Answer 17

relay station - most things that come IN to the cortex goes through the thalamus; taking information TO THE CORTEX!! VERY IMPORTANT INFO

Question 18

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 18

autonomic control

Question 19

What does the pineal gland do?

Answer 19

role in circadian rhythms - not so functional in humans

Question 20

What are the major functions of the brainstem?

Answer 20

Autonomic control - breathing, cardiovascular function, etc Cranial nerves - reflexes Long tracts Levels of consciousness - modulatory pathways & reticular activating system - norepinephrine, serotonin & dopamine

Question 21

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 21

coordination, limited sensory function

Question 23

What are the major functions of the spinal cord?

Answer 23

spinal nerves - reflexes, long tracts, relay station for autonomic NS (also found in brainstem) - HR, breathing, gastrointestinal tract

Question 24

What is white matter?

Answer 24

White matter: areas of the brain that contain axons rather than neuronal cell bodies. The axons are myelinated, thus creating the “white” or lighter color in section.

Question 25

What is gray matter?

Answer 25

Gray matter: areas of the brain that is concentrated with cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses. If the collection of cell bodies is relatively discrete, it is known as a nucleus, while if it is an extensive layer, it I known as a cortex.

Question 26

What is a nucleus? Ganglion? Cortex?

Answer 26

Nucleus: a discrete collection of cell bodies Ganglion: usually a collection of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS. An example where this is not the case is the basal ganglia, which are masses of gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres. Cortex: an extensive, layered region of gray matter covering part of the CNS surface

Question 27

What is a tract?

Answer 27

Tract: a discrete collection of fibers (myelinated axons). Tracts usually have two-part names. The first part refers to where the neuron cell bodies are located; the second part refers to where the axons terminate. So, a thalamicortical tract would originate in the thalamus and terminate in the cortex.

Question 28

What is a fasciculus? Lemniscus? Peduncle?

Answer 28

Fasciculus: Latin for “little bundle”; refers to a bundle of axon fibers Lemniscus: Greek for “ribbon”; refers to a flat tract of axons Peduncle: Latin for “little foot”, described fibers collected together on their way into or out of someplace (i.e., a type of tract; contains axons)

Question 29

How do skeletal motor neurons innervate?

Answer 29

Motor neurons for skeletal muscle (efferent) have a cell body in the CNS. The cell body is located in the spinal cord, and the axon leaves the spinal cord gray matter in the ventral root. From there, the muscle is directly innervated; there are no more connections.

Question 30

How do cardiac & smooth muscle & glandular motor neurons innervate?

Answer 30

• Nerves for smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands also contain a cell body in the CNS; however, the axon of this cell will synapse to another neuron that will then innervate the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. The clusters of neurons are known as autonomic ganglia; thus the autonomic nervous system requires a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron. o The sympathetic nervous system has its ganglia outside but near the spinal cord. o The parasympathetic nervous system has its ganglia near the organ it innervates

Question 31

What does the cerebral cortex contain?

Answer 31

• Cerebral Cortex: covers the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. Higher functions (learning, memory, language, abstract thinking, planning), perception, voluntary movement o Frontal lobe: movement, personality, foresight, insight o Parietal lobe: somatic sensation, orientation and directed attention o Temporal lobe: auditory cortex, higher-order visual functions, learning and memory o Occipital lobe: vision

Question 32

What is the basal ganglia?

Answer 32

• Basal ganglia: lenticular and caudate nuclei are the major components. Basal ganglia is a collective term applied to certain masses of gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres. Damage to these areas can cause changes in muscle tone, involuntary movements, and difficulty initiation or stopping movement (generally motor functions)

Question 33

What is the limbic system?

Answer 33

• Limbic system: involved in drive-related behavior, emotions, and some forms of memory. Hippocampus and amygdala are part of this system.

Question 34

What is the diencephalon contain?

Answer 34

o Thalamus: major relay station by which specific information reaches the cortex o Hypothalamus: control center for the autonomic nervous system and for drive-related behavior (hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, neuroendocrine control, etc.)

Question 35

What is the brainstem? What does it contain?

Answer 35

• Brainstem o Attachment for cranial nerves III-XII; processes their incoming information, handles cranial nerve reflexes, and with motor commands for the cranial nerves o Long tract function: since the brainstem is between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord, long tracts must -pass through it (for example, a spino-thalamic tract) o Ascending Reticular Activating System regulates our state of consciousness and are important to the sleep-wake cycle o Contains midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 36

What is the cerebellum?

Answer 36

• Cerebellum o The cerebellum is not involved at all with the sensory system. Instead, the cerebellum uses sensory information to design movement and to adjust movement. Cerebellar lesions therefore cause movement disorders.

Question 37

What is the SC? What does it contain?

Answer 37

o Processes incoming information from the body o Reflex arcs o Contains motor neurons to control skeletal muscle o Houses many long tracts that either originate or terminate here

Question 38

Answer 38

Question 39

What is wallerian degeneration?

Answer 39

Wallerian degeneration: after an axon is severed, the distal process will degenerate due to lack of signal transmission.

Question 40

Compare and contrast the repair mechanisms available in the adult central and peripheral nervous systems.

Answer 40

eripheral Nervous System: Following transection of a peripheral nerve, macrophages clean up the debris and stimulate PNS glial cells (Schwann cells) to secrete growth factors and guidance molecules. Sometimes the axons successfully regenerate down their old basal lamina tubes, get re-myelinated, and reestablish synaptic contacts.

Central Nervous System: If a CNS pathway is transected, microglia moves in to get rid of the degenerating distal processes. The glia proliferates and forms a scar that impedes regeneration. There are not many growth factors in the brain, and the glia