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anatomy lecture exam 1 > LECTURE 5 cardiovascular system > Flashcards

LECTURE 5 cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of cardiovascular system

A

bulk flow of blood, exchange with tissue

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2
Q

components of cardiovascular system

A

blood, heart, blood vessels

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3
Q

location of the heart

A

thoracic cavity, in middle mediastinum, surrounded by pericardium

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4
Q

orientation of the heart

A

oblique position within mediastinum, midline is angled, apex of heart projects to left of midline and anterior to the rest of the heart

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5
Q

superior right of heart

A

3rd costal cartilage, 1” right midsternum

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6
Q

superior left of heart

A

2nd costal cartilage, 1” left midsternum

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7
Q

inferior right of heart

A

6th costal cartilage, 1” right midsternum

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8
Q

inferior left of heart

A

5th intercostal space at midclavicular line

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9
Q

pericardium

A

partly covers great vessels, modified serous membrane

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10
Q

layers of pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium, parietal serosa, visceral serosa (epicardium)

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11
Q

pericardial cavity

A

between layers of serous pericardium, contains serous fluid, lubricates the heart while it beats

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12
Q

external features of the heart

A

interventricular sulcus (midline), coronary sulcus, coronary vessels (run along sulci), auricles of atria, apex, base

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13
Q

great vessels and major branches of heart

A

aorta, pulmonary trunk, inferior and superior vena cava

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14
Q

aorta branches

A

ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta

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15
Q

ascending aorta branches

A

2 coronary arteries

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16
Q

aortic arch branches

A

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

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17
Q

brachiocephalic trunk branches

A

right common carotid artery, right subclavian artery

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18
Q

descending aorta branches

A

many small branches to organs

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19
Q

pulmonary trunk branches

A

2 pulmonary arteries into lungs

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20
Q

layers of heart wall

A

epicardium (superficial): visceral serosa; myocardium (middle layer): cardiac muscle, contracts; endocardium (deepest/lining): simple squamous endothelium on CT, lines the heart, creates the valves

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21
Q

structure of fibrous skeleton of heart

A

made of dense CT, 4 rings and 2 trigone

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22
Q

functions of fibrous skeleton of heart

A

insertion for cardiac muscle, anchors valve cusps, prevents valves from opening too much, block electrical impulses from atria to venricles, contains arterioventricular node

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23
Q

heart chambers (4)

A

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

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24
Q

2 receiving chambers of heart

A

right atrium, left atrium

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25
Q

2 pumping chambers of heart

A

right ventricle, left ventricle

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26
Q

orientation of chambers of heart

A

atria superior to ventricles, arrangement is oblique (not linear), left atrium is posterior (base of heart)

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27
Q

pumps of heart (2)

A

right heart chambers = pulmonary pump, left heart chambers = systematic pump

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28
Q

right atrium receives

A

oxygen poor blood from body via superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

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29
Q

features of right atrium

A

fossa ovalis: visible on interatrial septum (remnant of foramen ovale - prenatal), ventral wall contains pectinate muscles

30
Q

right ventricle receives

A

oxygen poor blood from right atrium through tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve

31
Q

features of right ventricle

A

chordae tendinae: fibrous cords connecting valve cusps and papillary muscles, papillary muscles (3 groups): cone-shaped muscles with ventricles to which cordae tendinae are anchored, trabeculae carnae: muscle ridges along ventral surface, moderator band: muscular band connecting anterior papillary muscle to interventricular septum

32
Q

right ventricle pumps

A

blood into pulmonary trunk via pulmonary semilunar valve

33
Q

left atrium receives

A

oxygen rich blood from 4 pulmonary veins

34
Q

features of left atrium

A

pectinate muscles: line only the auricle

35
Q

left ventricle receives

A

blood from left atrium through bicuspid (left atrioventriuclar) valve

36
Q

features of left ventricle

A

same structures as right ventricle, no moderator band, 2 groups of papillary muscles

37
Q

left ventricle pumps

A

blood into aorta via aortic semilunar valve

38
Q

heartbeat LUB

A

tricuspid valve and bicuspid valve close together

39
Q

tricuspid valve

A

function to prevent backflow of blood into right atrium, 3 cusps made of endocardium and CT, flow of blood pushes cusps open, when ventricle is relaxed cusps hang in ventricle, ventricular contraction increases pressure and forces cusps closed

40
Q

bicuspid valve

A

function to prevent backflow of blood into left atrium, 2 cusps made of endocardium and CT

41
Q

heartbeat DUB

A

pulmonary semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valve close together

42
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

function to prevent backflow of blood from pulmonary trunk into right ventricle, made of 3 half moon cusps, when ventricle contracts, blood rushes past the cusps flattening them against artery wall and opening valve, after ventricular contraction blood refills the artery pulling cusps back into their cusp shaped position and closing valve

43
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

function to prevent backflow of blood from aorta into left ventricle, made of three half moon cusps, works same as pulmonary semilunar valve

44
Q

flow of blood

A

oxygen poor blood enters RA from SVC, IVC and coronary sinus; travels through tricuspid valve into right ventricle; pumped out through pulmonary semilunar valve into pulmonary trunk and to lungs; after circulating through lungs oxygen rich blood returns to left atrium of heart through 4 pulmonary veins; oxygen rich blood travels through bicuspid valve into left ventricle; pumped out through aortic semilunar valve into aorta to be distributed to rest of body

45
Q

external innervation of heart

A

cardiac plexus, changes rate of heart’s contractions, vagus nerve (parasympathetic innervation), sympathetic trunk (sympathetic innervation)

46
Q

description of blood vessels

A

powered by the heart through ventricular contractions, carry blood to and from heart

47
Q

types of blood vessels (3)

A

arteries (carry blood away from heart), capillaries (allow for gas exchange), veins (carry blood into the heart)

48
Q

anatomy of arteries and veins

A

lumen, tunica intima (innermost layer), tunic media (middle layer), tunica externa (outermost layer)

49
Q

tunica intima

A

thin innermost layer of blood vessels, endothelium, minimize friction

50
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer of blood vessels, circular smooth muscle, collagen and elastic fibers

51
Q

tunica externa

A

outermost layer of blood vessels, CT with elastic and collagen fibers, vaso vasorum, protects, strengthens, anchors

52
Q

arteries in pulmonary circuit carry

A

oxygen poor blood away from heart

53
Q

arteries in systematic circuit carry

A

oxygen rich blood away from heart

54
Q

veins in pulmonary circuit carry

A

oxygen rich blood in to heart

55
Q

veins in systematic circuit carry

A

oxygen poor blood in to heart

56
Q

vessel walls in arteries vs. veins

A

thicker in arteries, arterial blood is under much higher pressure, tunica media is thicker in arteries, tunica externa is thicker in veins, veins have larger lumen, veins have valves and can use body movement to propel blood

57
Q

description of capillaries

A

smallest blood vessel, don’t have all 3 layers (only one endothelial cell layer surrounded by basal lamina)

58
Q

function of capillaries

A

exchange of oxygen, nutrients, hormones from blood to tissues, removes waste from tissues

59
Q

capillary beds

A

network of capillaries with sphincters

60
Q

portal system

A

special vascular circulation where blood goes through 2 capillary beds before returning to the heart to achieve 2nd function

61
Q

vascular anastomoses

A

vessels that unite and connect, important if there were an obstruction

62
Q

fetal circulation differences

A

fetus must supply blood to placenta, lungs do not need all of body’s blood sent to them because they do not function in gas exchange

63
Q

umbilical vessels

A

2 umbilical arteries: carry blood away from fetus to placenta, 1 umbilical vein: carries blood in to fetus from placenta

64
Q

foramen ovale

A

hole in the inter-arterial septum, allows blood to flow from RA to LA, bypasses RV because no gas exchange with lungs, becomes fossa ovalis postnatally

65
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

carries blood from pulmonary trunk to aortic arch, allows heart and brain to receive the most highly oxygenated blood, bypasses lungs, becomes ligamentum arteriosum postnatally

66
Q

cardiac conduction

A

intrinsic system initiating and coordinating contraction of heart muscles

67
Q

sinoatrial node

A

“pacemaker”, initiates contraction of atria

68
Q

atrioventricular node

A

impulse quickly pauses before spreading to atrioventricular bundle

69
Q

atrioventricular bundle

A

splits into right and left bundles to conduct signals to apex of heart

70
Q

purkinje fibers

A

subendocardial plexus, cause ventricular contraction cranially to push blood towards arteries

71
Q

blood flow to supply the heart because

A

heart wall too thick for diffusion of nutrients

72
Q

vessels for blood supply of heart

A

R & L coronary arteries, cardiac veins

anatomy lecture exam 1 (22 decks)

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