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Nutrition > Exam 4 Notecards > Flashcards

Exam 4 Notecards Flashcards

0
Q

What amino acid depends on both vitamin B12 and folic acid for regeneration?

A

Methionine

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1
Q

Symptoms associated with scurvy:

A

can be resolved with adequate amounts of vitamin C

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2
Q

Individuals who take antacids and aspirin frequently may be at risk to develop a deficiency:

A

folic acid

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3
Q

Folic acid is activated by:

A

the digestive process and the addition of a methyl group to the chemical structure

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4
Q

What B vitamin is necessary for the conversion of vitamin B12 to an active coenzyme form?

A

Folate

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5
Q

What B vitamin coenzyme plays a role in the synthesis of heme, nucleic acids and lecithin?

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

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6
Q

Symptoms associated with riboflavin deficiency include:

A

cracks at the corners of the mouth

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7
Q

Alcoholics are at an increased risk to have a(n):

A

Thiamin deficiency

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8
Q

What statement is false with respect to fat-soluble vitamins?

A

no toxic can occur since they are typically excreted in the urine

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9
Q

In order to minimize loss of vitamins during food preparation one might:

A

refrigerate fresh fruits and vegetables

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10
Q

Vitamins:

A

are soluble in either water or fat

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11
Q

The rate and the extent to which a vitamin is absorbed and used in the body is known as its:

A

bioavailability

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12
Q

Many of the B vitamins serve as:

A

coenzymes

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13
Q

With respect to thiamin, which of the following is the most nutrient dense?

A

1 cup snow peas (69 kcalories and 0.22 milligram thiamin)

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14
Q

The body can make niacin from:

A

tryptophan

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15
Q

The vitamin that protects against neutral tube defects is:

A

folate

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16
Q

A lack of intrinsic factor may lead to:

A

pernicious anemia

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17
Q

Which is a a B vitamin?

A

pantothenic acid

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18
Q

Vitamin C serves as a(n):

A

antioxidant

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19
Q

The requirement for vitamin C is highest for:

A

smokers

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20
Q

The form of vitamin A active in vision is:

A

Retinal

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21
Q

Vitamin A deficiency symptoms include:

A

night blindness and keratomalacia

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22
Q

Good sources of vitamin A include:

A

apricots, turnip greens, and liver

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23
Q

To keep minerals availed in the blood, vitamin D targets:

A

the intestines, the kidneys, and the bones

24
Q

Vitamin D can be synthesized from a precursor that the body makes from:

A

cholesterol

25
Q

Vitamin E’s most notable role is to:

A

protect lipids against oxidation

26
Q

The classic sign of vitamin E deficiency is:

A

erythrocyte hemolysis

27
Q

Without vitamin K:

A

blood fails to clot

28
Q

A significant amount of vitamin K comes from:

A

bacterial synthesis

29
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A 
Thiamin
Riboflavin 
Niacin
Biotin
Pantothenic acid
Vitamin B6
Folate
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
30
Q

How do vitamins differ from energy nutrients?

A

Structure: individual unit
Function: no energy yielded
Food contents

31
Q

How do fat-soluble vitamins differ from water-soluble vitamins?

A

Water soluble vitamins move directly into the blood and is the most travel freely.
Fat soluble vitamins enter the lymph and then blood and requires transport proteins.

32
Q

What is the main role, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for Thiamin (TPP)?

A

It assists in energy metabolism. The TPP coenzyme participates in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
Deficiency symptom: malnourished & alcoholics/beriberi(wet & dry)
Toxicity: no adverse effects, no UL
Food sources: prolonged cooking destroys it, leaches into water when boiling, try cooking metics that conserve thiamin

33
Q

What is the main role, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for Riboflavin (FAD & FMN)?

A

Both of its coenzyme can accept and donate two hydrogens. FAD picks up two hydrogens from the TCA cycle and delivers them to electron transport chain.
Deficiency symptoms: lack of vitamin causes inflammation of membranes of the mouth, skin, eyes, & GI tract.
Toxicity: no UL
Food sources: milk and milk products
Destruction: ultraviolet light, irradiation, not destroyed by cooking

34
Q

What is the main role, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for Niacin (NAD & NADP)?

A

It describes two chemical structures, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. The major form of niacin in blood is nicotinic acid being converted to nicotinamide. They are central in energy-transfer reactions especially the metabolism of glucose, fat, and alcohol.
Deficiency symptoms: pellagra/produces symptoms of diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, & eventually death
Toxicity: naturally occurring/no harm/niacin flush/health benefits of large doses of nicotinic acid
Food sources: less vulnerable to food preparation losses

35
Q

What is the main role, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for Biotin?

A

Part of coenzyme A, carries activated carbon dioxide. Delivers carbon to pyruvate to form oxaloacetate.
Deficiency symptoms: skin rash, hair loss, neurological disturbances
Toxicity: none
Food sources: widespread of foods; GI bacteria synthesis

36
Q

What is the main role, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for pantothenic acid?

A

Part of coenzyme A in energy metabolism.
Deficiency symptoms: fatigue, GI distress and digestive and neurological disturbances/burning feet syndrome/vomiting, nausea, numbness
Toxicity: none
Food sources: widespread in foods/losses of it comes from freezing, canning and refining process

37
Q

What is the main role, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for Vitamin B6?

A

Part of coenzyme PLP and PMP used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism. Helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and serotonin and help make red blood cells.
Deficiency symptoms: scaly dermatitis, anemia, depression, confusion, convulsions
Toxicity: nerve damage and skin lesions
Food sources: protein-rich foods

38
Q

What is the main role, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for Folate (PGA)?

A

Part of coenzyme THF and DHF used in DNA synthesis and important in new cell formation.
Deficiency symptoms: anemia, glossitis, elevated homocysteine
Toxicity: make vitamin B12 deficiency
Food sources: legumes, vegetables, fortified grain products

39
Q

What is the main role, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for Vitamin B12?

A

Part of coenzymes methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin used in new cell synthesis; helps to maintain nerve cells; reforms folate coenzyme and helps break down some fatty acids and amino acids.
Deficiency symptoms: pernicious anemia/degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis, sore tongue, constipation
Toxicity: none
Food sources: foods of animal origin (fish, shellfish, milk) fortified cereals

40
Q

What is the main role, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for Vitamin C?

A

Collagen synthesis, carnitine, hormones, neurotransmitters; antioxidant, thyroxin synthesis, helps in absorption of iron. Serves as a cofactor helping a specific enzyme perform its job.
Deficiency symptoms: scurvy (antiscorbutic & ascorbic), hemorrhages, joint pain, abnormal bone growth
Toxicity: diarrhea, GI distress
Food sources: fruits and vegetables (citrus fruit, cabbage and dark green veggies)

41
Q

What is the main role, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for Choline?

A

Supports the structure and function of the brain and spinal chord, by supporting the neutral tube closure and enhancing learning performance. Needed for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and phospholipid lecithin.
Deficiency symptoms: liver damage
Toxicity: body odor, sweating, reduced growth rate, low blood pressure
Food source: milk, liver, eggs, peanuts

42
Q

What is the main role, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for Vitamin A?

A

Precursor is beta-carotene. Retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid all known as retinoids, vision. It promotes vision, participate in protein synthesis and cell formation, maintaining the health of epithelial tissues and skin and supports reproduction and regulating growth.
Deficiency symptoms: night blindness, corneal drying, impaired immunity, plugging of hair follicles with keratin
Toxicity: hypervitaminosis A/increased activity of osteoclasts causing reduced bone density, birth defects
Food source: Retinol- fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, liver. Beta-carotene- spinach, leafy veggies, deep orange fruits

43
Q

What is the main role, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for Vitamin D?

A

Also known as calciferol. Binding protein that carries it to target organs. Mineralization of bones.
Deficiency symptoms: rickets, inadequate calcification, delayed closing of fontanel; resulting in rapid enlargement of the head, osteomalacia
Toxicity: hypervitaminosis and elevated blood calcium, calcification of soft tissues, kidneys, heart, lungs, calcium imbalance
Food sources: synthesized in the body with the help of sunshine, fortified milk, chocolate mixes

44
Q

What is the main role, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for Vitamin E?

A

Main role is to serve as an antioxidant and it’s factor is tocopherol. Stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions.
Deficiency symptoms: red blood cell breakage, nerve damage, erythrocyte hemolysis
Toxicity: augments the effects of anti clotting medication, hemorrhagic effects
Food sources: vegetable oils, polyunsaturated plant oils, dark green leafy vegetables, turnips and greens, nuts

45
Q

What is the main role, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for Vitamin K?

A

Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins. Helps to decrease bone turnover and protect against fractures.
Deficiency symptoms: hemorrhaging
Toxicity: none known
Food sources: bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract, liver, dark green; leafy veggies; milk

46
Q

What is a free radical?

A

Unstable molecule with one or more unpaired electrons.

47
Q

What is an antioxidant?

A

Substances that significantly decrease the adverse effects of free radicals on normal physiological functions.

48
Q

Over consumption of beta-carotene in food products:

A

Is associated with the skin turning yellow.

49
Q

Conversion of the active metabolite of vitamin D occurs in the:

A

Liver

50
Q

The precursor form of vitamin D is made in the:

A

Liver

51
Q

Which individual is at most risk for developing vitamin ad deficiency?

A

An African American who lives in Maine.

52
Q

Of all the compounds listed, only _____ is active in the human body as a source of vitamin E activity:

A

Alpha-tocopherol

53
Q

The first injection given to a newborn in the delivery room is vitamin:

A

K

54
Q

Vitamin D deficiency often occurs in the conjunction with _____ deficiency.

A

Calcium

55
Q

In general terms, foods that have the highest vitamin A activity can also be described as being:

A

Colorful

56
Q

What is considered to be a key bone nutrient?

A

sodium

57
Q

Dietary antioxidants help to minimize tissue damage by:

A

stimulating enzyme repair activity

Nutrition (2 decks)

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