Perineum

Question 1

why would an android or platypelloid shaped pelvis be detrimental to a woman during delivery?

Answer 1

these shapes are typical for men and they aren’t as wide as the gynecoid shape

Question 2

fractures of the pubic rami typically result from?

Answer 2

trauma from crush accidents

Question 3

the perineal body is important especially in women for?

Answer 3

final support of pelvic viscera; links muscles that extend across pelvic outlet

Question 4

prolapse of pelvic viscera occurs from?

Answer 4

childbirth causing tear of attachments of perineal muscles from perineal body

Question 5

cystocele, rectocele, & enterocele are?

Answer 5

• hernial protrusions of bladder, rectum, or rectovaginal pouch into vaginal wall
• due to diastasis of puborectalis and pubococcygeus parts of levator ani

Question 6

what is an episiotomy?

Answer 6

surgical incision of perineum and inferoposterior vaginal wall to enlarge vaginal orifice

Question 7

rupture of the intermediate part of the urethra causes?

Answer 7

extravasation of urine and blood into deep perineal pouch

Question 8

if the ischio-anal fat disappears, what can happen?

Answer 8

rectal prolapse

Question 9

what does the pectinate line denote?

Answer 9

approximates level of important anatomical changes such as transition from visceral to parietal; direction of cancer growth

Question 10

where do ischio-anal abscesses usually form?

Answer 10

ischio-anal fossa

Question 11

what is cryptitis?

Answer 11

inflammation of anal sinuses

Question 12

why is an anal fissure painful?

Answer 12

located inferior to anal valves which are supplied by sensory fibers of inferior rectal nerves

Question 13

an anal fistula can result from?

Answer 13

spread of anal infection and cryptitis

Question 14

what is an internal hemorrhoid?

Answer 14

prolapse of rectal mucosa/anal cushions containing internal rectal venous plexus

Question 15

what is an external hemorrhoid?

Answer 15

thromboses in the external rectal venous plexus & covered by skin

Question 16

where do the superior rectal veins drain?

Answer 16

inferior mesenteric vein–>portal vein –> IVC

Question 17

where do the middle and inferior rectal veins drain?

Answer 17

internal pudendal–>internal iliac–>common iliac –> IVC

Question 18

what disorder is related to the anastomoses between the superior, middle, and inferior rectal veins?

Answer 18

portal hypertension can cause varicoceles in these veins

Question 19

which kind of hemorrhoid can you treat without anesthesia and why?

Answer 19

internal because they occur above the pectinate line and are innervated by visceral afferent pain fibers

Question 20

stretching of the pudendal nerve during traumatic childbirth can cause?

Answer 20

pudendal nerve damage and anorectal incontinence

Question 21

what does micturation mean?

Answer 21

to urinate

Question 22

if a person can’t urinate, what procedure is done?

Answer 22

urethral catheterization

Question 23

what is inflammation of the testis?

Answer 23

orchitis

Question 24

chronic lymphatic obstruction of the testes is also called?

Answer 24

elephantiasis

Question 25

what is hypospadias?

Answer 25

congenital anomly when the urethra opens in a different area of the penis than its normal opening

Question 26

why do hypospadias occur?

Answer 26

• failure of the urogenital folds to fuse

- inadequate production of androgens

Question 27

what is phimosis?

Answer 27

adhesion of the prepuce on the glans penis in an uncircumcised individual

Question 28

what is paraphimosis?

Answer 28

• when the prepuce constricts the glans so much that blood and tissue fluid cannot drain properly
• treat with circumcision

Question 29

what is circumcision?

Answer 29

surgical excision of the prepuce

Question 30

what is impotence?

Answer 30

inability to obtain an erection

Question 31

why does impotence occur?

Answer 31

lesion of the prostatic plexus or cavernous nerves

Question 32

what is erectile dysfunction?

Answer 32

• occurs in the absence of nerve damage

- occurs from hypothalamic and endocrine disorders or failure of autonomics

Question 33

what is female circumcision?

Answer 33

• surgical removal of prepuce of clitoris, all or part of clitoris, & labia minora
• illegal; done to inhibit sexual arousal/satisfaction

Question 34

what is a vulvar hematoma?

Answer 34

localized collection of blood in the labia majora from athletic injuries, sexual assult, or obstetrical injury

Question 35

infection of the greater vestibular gland occurs from?

Answer 35

occlusion of the vestibular gland duct

Question 36

where do most vulvar adenocarcinomas occur?

Answer 36

greater vestibular gland

Question 37

what is Bartholinitis?

Answer 37

inflammation of the greater vestibular glands

Question 38

occlusion of the greater vestibular gland duct without infection can cause?

Answer 38

bartholin gland cyst (accumulation of mucin)

Question 39

what is used to relieve perineal pain during childbirth?

Answer 39

pudendal nerve block

Question 40

where is a pudendal nerve block injected?

Answer 40

where the pudendal nerve crosses lateral aspect of sacrospinous ligament, near its attachment at the ischial spine

Question 41

what is vaginismus?

Answer 41

• involuntary spasms of perivaginal and levator ani muscles

- emotional (psychosomatic) disorder

Question 42

mild vaginismus causes?

Answer 42

dyspareunia (painful intercourse)

Question 43

severe vaginismus causes?

Answer 43

prevention of vaginal entry