Microbiology chapter 2

Question 1

Domains

Answer 1

Archaea, Bacteria, Eucarya

Question 2

Prokaryotes

Answer 2

inculde the Archaea and bacteria

Question 3

Viruses

Answer 3

DNA or RNA and depend on host for energy and proteins, They rely on host for everything since they are metabolically inert

Question 4

name some eukaryotes

Answer 4

fungi, protozoa, and humans

Question 5

name some prokaryotes

Answer 5

bacteria, Their genome is in a single circular molecule of double stranded DNA lacking a nuclear membrane

Question 6

different shapes of microbials

Answer 6

cocci, bacilli, spirochaetes

Question 7

pleomorphic

Answer 7

when multiple shapes are taken

Question 8

gram positive

Answer 8

purple stain, more susceptible to penicillins

Question 9

gram negative

Answer 9

pink

Question 10

flagella

Answer 10

made from flagellin. Monotrichous is a single flagella, lophotrichous is many flagella. Spirochaetes have a similar structure called axial filament

Question 11

fimbriae and pili

Answer 11

mainly on gram negative orgs. Made from subunits called pilin and mediate adhesion to receptors on human cell surface

Question 12

glycocalyx ( slime layer)

Answer 12

helps bacteria adhere to surfaces like the oral mucosa and heart valves and contribute to biofilms. Streptococcus mutans is a major cariogenic organism that has a major glycocalyx that makes a lot of glycocalyx in the presence of sugar.

Question 13

Capsule

Answer 13

surrounds bacterium and has polysaccharides and proteins. It mediates adhesion to human tissue and implants, It hinders phagocytosis, it helps with laboratory identification, and its polysaccharides are used as antigens in certain vaccines because they elicit protective antibodies.

Question 14

inner layer of cell wall

Answer 14

made of peptidoglycan

Question 15

which stain has morepeptidoglycan?

Answer 15

gram positive

Question 16

cell wall of gram negative

Answer 16

complex outer membrane of LPS ( lypopolysacharides), lipoprotein, and phospholipid. These form porins through which hydrophilic molecules are transported through

Question 17

where do you find the periplasmic spance?

Answer 17

between inner and outer layer of gram negative bacteria. This is where enzymes are produced that destroy drugs such as penicillins

Question 18

What is LPS considered to be?

Answer 18

a very toxic endotoxin

Question 19

functions of cytoplasmic membrane functions

Answer 19

active transport and selective diffusion, ETC and oxidative phosphorylation, synthesis of cell wall precursors, secretion of enzymes and toxins

Question 20

nuclear material or nucleoid

Answer 20

single supercoiled circular chromosome that has about 2000 genes

Question 21

bacterial spores

Answer 21

from Bacillus and Clostridium. They have a thick keratin like coat which has a high concentration of calcium dipicolinate which is resistant to heat, dehydration, and radiation and chemicals

Question 22

autoclave test spore type

Answer 22

bacillus stearothermophilus

Question 23

classifying bacteria

Answer 23

uses morphology , staining properties, cultural requirements, biochemical reactions , antigenic structure

Question 24

Taxonomy for bacteria

Answer 24

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species