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Cognitive Communication > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive Communication Disorder (5)

A

Any difficulty with any aspect of communication that is affected by disruption of cognition. Communication may be nonverbal, including listening, reading, writing, speaking,and gesturing. Disruption of cognitive processes such as attention, perception, memory, organization, and executive functioning. Affected areas could include behavioral regulation, social interaction, activities of daily living, learning ability, vocational and academic performance. They may be congenital or acquired.

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2
Q

SLP History with Cognitive Communication

A

We have not been working with this population long. It was officially embraced by ASHA in 2005.

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3
Q

Dementia (4)

A

Is a descriptive term for a collection of symptoms that can be caused by a number of disorders that affect the brain. Individuals with dementia have significantly impaired intellectual functioning, problem solving, and emotional control. They may experience personality changes, and behavioral agitations such as hallucinations and delusions. Must have two factors from the following memory, language skills, perception, cognitive skills (reasoning and judgement).

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4
Q

Normal Aging and Language Changes (6)

A

Decreased response speed. Longer storytelling. Presbycusis. Attention and working memory is less for acontextual information. No procedural, episodic, or problem solving defects. Have become better at synthesizing and integrating the knowledge they already have.

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5
Q

Normal Aging

A

Aging that occurs free of a disease process.

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6
Q

Dying

A

Physical breakdown of the body that cannot be treated and is not related to a disease process. General deterioration process (ie dying) is said to take five years.

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7
Q

Disease Process

A

Symptoms caused by a disease that can theoretically be cured or treated.

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8
Q

Early Alzheimer’s Disease (4)

A

Memory of new information is impaired as is word recall for uncommon words and not often used names. Decline in judgment. Small erratic changes in behavior and possibly depressions. Intact syntax and same basic personality.

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9
Q

Middle Alzheimer’s Disease (7)

A

More memory difficulty. Language breakdown begins. Trouble with ADL. Hallmark symptom is getting lost going familiar places or in ones own home. Paranoia may be a symptom or a reaction to the condition. General disorientation to time or place is common. Ability to express complex thoughts and follow complex arguments may be affected.

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10
Q

Late Alzheimer’s Disease (6)

A

Motor system deterioration, insufficient or small amounts of language, oral stage dysphagia, loss of interaction with others, loss of bladder control, severe memory loss (such as who family members are). Think Patty.

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11
Q

Late Late Alzheimer’s Disease (4)

A

Become mute, no personal care, poor eating and dysphagia. No personal awareness.

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12
Q

Attention (5)

A

Focused, sustained, selective, alternating, divided.

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13
Q

Focused Attention (5)

A

Purposeful attention to stimuli. Poor in aphasic individuals. Attending to eye contact in conversation. When you cannot attend you are not processing any information because the information does not reach your parietal lobe. Is the most basic type of attention.

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14
Q

Sustained Attention (3)

A

Attention over an extended amount of time, generally 5-10 seconds. More emotionally salient activities will help individuals focus attention. After head injury individuals may have trouble with this type of attention and fatigue early.

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15
Q

Selective Attention (3)

A

Ability of an individual to focus with competing stimuli. Heart of the problem in individuals with ADD. In therapy bring in distractions to facilitate crossover into everyday life.

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16
Q

Alternating Attention (2)

A

Ability to switch attention between two different tasks. Driving-requires looking at speed, mirrors, listening to radio, talking to passengers.

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17
Q

Divided Attention

A

Attending to two tasks at the same time.

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18
Q

Executive Functioning (4)

A

Anticipation, planning, execution, self monitoring.

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19
Q

Anticipation (7)

A

Including setting realistic goals, understanding consequences, realizing challenges, and opportunities, understanding what can wrong, and what to do about it, and being able to visualize success.

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20
Q

Planning (5)

A

What you need to complete the task and in what order, timeline and estimation for each step, what other individuals do you need to complete the step.

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21
Q

Execution (6)

A

Initiation of action, monitoring compared to plan and predetermined timeline, flexibility for different outcomes, vigilance, selective attention, and attention to detail.

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22
Q

Self Monitoring (6)

A

Monitoring timeline, emotional and impulse control, recognition of errors, repair or mistakes, monitoring cues from the environment, insight level to success.

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23
Q

Problem Solving (2)

A

How to modify your speech if someone does not understand the message you are sending. Generally problem solve by self talk.

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24
Q

Reasoning (3)

A

Making sense of things, applying logic, changing beliefs based on new information.

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25
Q

Pragmatics (7)

A

Rules of social language, such as eye contact, body distance, informal and formal style and appropriate use, turn taking, topic maintenance, suppression of expressions, appropriate use of facial expression and body language.

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26
Q

Discourse (4)

A

The symbolic communication systems used in different settings. Greatly affected by culture, Highly dependent on the right hemisphere to understand overall context, meaning, intent, and insight. Absence of discourse rules makes individuals ineffective communicators.

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27
Q

Learned Helplessness-Lab Model

A

Exposure to a series of unforeseen adverse situations give rise to a sense of helplessness or inability to cope with or devise ways to escape such situations even when escape is possible.

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28
Q

Learned Helplessness-Geiratrics

A

A state of over dependency discordant with the degree of physical and mental disability only seen in nursing home patients. Patients appear less capable than they are for attention.

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29
Q

Learned Helplessness- Psychiatry

A

A state in which a person attempts to maintain a relationship with another by adopting a state of helplessness.

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30
Q

Pre Frontal and Memory

A

Attached to attention and memory.

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31
Q

Pre Motor and Memory

A

Attached to motor memory.

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32
Q

Broca’s and Memory

A

Memory for sounds of speech, whole words, and syntax.

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33
Q

Motor Cortex and Memory

A

What muscles need to be activated to produce a motor goal.

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34
Q

Parietal Anterior and Memory

A

Tactile memories.

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35
Q

Parietal Posterior

A

World knowledge. Factual-left. Global-right.

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36
Q

Occipital

A

Visual recognition and facial expression.

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37
Q

Temporal

A

Word and sound recognition. Where Wernicke’s is.

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38
Q

Limbic

A

Emotional memories.

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39
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordination memories.

40
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Fleeting memory. We can remember short term memories even if not explicitly recall it on command. Usually lasts 5-10 seconds.

41
Q

Long Term Memory

A

Memories that tend to last, although they are not permanent.

42
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Autobiographical memories. With context such as who, what, where, and when.

43
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Memory of meanings, understanding, and concept based knowledge.

44
Q

Declarative Memory

A

Memories that can be consciously recalled.

45
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Memory for performance of particular actions. Last type of memory to go.

46
Q

Working Memory (3)

A

Pre short term memory. Topic maintenance. Memory you are using at the time of exposure. Ability to manipulate information when it is given to you and hold in your mind temporarily.

47
Q

Encoding (2)

A

When you initially take information in. Semantic, visual, auditory. If auditory may add visual components as well as semantic.

48
Q

Storage Organization

A

Clustering storing related information into groups based off of a semantic network were certain triggers active a memory.

49
Q

Retrieval (4)

A

Recall. Recollection. Recognition. Relearning.

50
Q

Recall

A

Accessing information without being cued. Fill in the blank questions.

51
Q

Recollection

A

Reconstruction of memories using logical structures, partial memories, and personal narratives. Essay questions.

52
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying information after seeing it again. Multiple choice questions.

53
Q

Relearning

A

Learning information that has previously been learned. Makes it easier to recall information and makes stronger memories.

54
Q

Recall vs Remember

A

Recall is a very small part of memory. Individuals are able to recall a significantly smaller portion of memories than they can recognize. What did you have for breakfast vs what is this salient picture about?

55
Q

Attention and Memory

A

In order to form a new memory or learn a new fact you have to attend to it.

56
Q

Competency and Dementia (4)

A

There are different levels of competency. Such as the ability to be competent in health care decisions and the ability to be competent to make financial decisions. Primary concern regards if the individual is able to consent for therapy. If the individual is unable to consent to therapy it is up to their family, however, therapy may be ineffective if the individual does not want to participate.

57
Q

Factors When Assessing in Individuals with Dementia (4)

A

Normal age associated decline is difficult to distinguish from early stages of dementia. Individuals experiencing mild memory or cognitive decline tend to cover up their losses. Cultural, educational, and age-related differences need to be taken into account. Examine for deficits in attention, memory, spatial planning, language, and executive functioning.

58
Q

Cognition and Communication

A

When language is tested so is cognition. As we develop language we develop cognition, and vice versa. All testing relies on language and linguistic concepts.

59
Q

SLP’s vs Neuropsychologists

A

SLP’s examine life factors and how the impairment affects the individuals life. As well are pre morbid condition such as educational level, employment history, and age differences.
Neuropsychologists- use standardized measures and statistics. If you are not outside the normative data you are not seen as having a deficit or disability.

60
Q

Bush, Threats, and Calkins

A

The patient cannot read small point on dinner menu. Orders something she does not enjoy eating. Spits it our. Staff label her as disruptive. Simple solution is to create a menu with a larger font.

61
Q

ASHA and Cognitive Communication Disorders (2)

A

Our role is to help individuals maintain communication and the underlying cognitive supports. As well as help educate family members on how to support communication with their loved ones.

62
Q

Insight (4)

A

Understanding the motivational forces behind one’s actions, thoughts, behaviors, and awareness of personal difficulties. If person does not have insight it is difficult to focus on in therapy. Therefore it is better to make therapy more functional. Is essential for therapy, declarative memory, and executive functioning.

63
Q

Home Fears with Dementia (6)

A

Safety, fear of leaving a person alone, fear that person with dementia will not know what to do in a dangerous situation, nutrition, and Quality of Life Concerns.

64
Q

Nursing Home Fears with Dementia (5)

A

Neglect, individuals cannot speak about neglect, nutritional concerns, Quality of Life concerns, fear that they do not know what is occurring when family is absent.

65
Q

Dealing with Individuals Fears (4)

A

Encourage family to use strategies in the home, make unique goals for the patient, learn strategies, Situation is stressful for the family and recognize their needs as well.

66
Q

Skilled Nursing Facility

A

SNF. A place where individuals who are unable to tend for themselves reside. Not all individuals receive therapy.

67
Q

Hospital Acute Care

A

Where individuals have complex and severe medical issues reside. Generally have had strokes, head injury, respiratory insufficiency, etc. Generally more intensive than subacute settings. Have intervention for 3-6 hours a day.

68
Q

Subacute Care

A

Short intensive care for individuals recovering from injury or surgery who cannot return home at this time. Generally require 2 hours of therapy split between the disciplines.

69
Q

Settings

A

SNF, hospital acute care, acute care, rehab inpatient, rehab outpatient, home health.

70
Q

How to Promote Healthy Cognitive Aging (3)

A

Increase social interaction, increase time spent outdoors, increase activities for metacognition and ‘thinking’.

71
Q

Benefits of Therapy for Individuals with Dementia (3)

A

Therapy can slow the decline of a progressive disease. It cannot cure the disease, however, it can slow the decline making the individual as functional as possible. Therapy may also encourage caregivers and family members to facilitate communication with the individual,

72
Q

ABCD (7)

A

Arizona Battery for Communication Disorders of Dementia. Has the best standardization. Can give subtests alone. Is a straight body level assessment. Screeners are given to see if individual is a good candidate for the whole test; visual, speech perception, visual agnosia, and mental status. Useful for moderate to mild dementia. Is a long test. Usually unable to give the whole thing.

73
Q

SCANN (3)

A

Similar to CLQT. Is less concentrated on body function than ABCD. Says it takes 20 minutes but takes longer. Mild to moderate dementia.

74
Q

Scales of Adult Independence, Language, and Recall (3)

A

Functional independence checklist, client/caregiver interview, language and language recall tasks. Evaluates at body function, activity and participation level, and environment. Mild to mod dementia.

75
Q

Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test II 9 (3)

A

Looks broadly at different types of memory. Is most comprehensive memory examination. Mild to moderate dementia.

76
Q

Functional Linguistic Communication Inventory (3)

A

Moderate to severe dementia. Takes 30 min to give, and can give good overview to caregivers.

77
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease (4)

A

Associated with neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. Risks for the disease include lower educational status, inactivity in older age, and family history. It the most common dementia for individuals over the age of 65. Estimated that 4 million individuals in the United States have the disorder.

78
Q

Vascular Dementia (3)

A

Due to vascular disease (multiple infarcts, vasculitus, severe hypertension, lesions, and effects of lupus). Second most common type of dementia. Results in step wide deterioration.

79
Q

Lewy Body Dementia (3)

A

Subcortical dementia. Results in memory problems, reduced problem solving, disorientation, visual hallucinations, and Parkinson’s like symptoms. Individuals only live an average of seven years after the onset of symptoms.

80
Q

Frontal Lobe/ Frontal Temporal Dementia (6)

A

Degeneration of frontal lobe or temporal lobe brain cells. 2-10% of all dementias. Usually starts between 40-65. Typically individuals only last 5-10 years after diagnosis. Symptoms include impaired executive functioning, social judgement, impaired speech and language, and memory loss. Caused by Pick’s Disease and Primary Progressive Aphasia.

81
Q

HIV Dementia (3)

A

From Human Immunodeficiency Virus with later becomes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Degeneration of white matter in the brain. Symptoms include memory problems, social withdrawal, and difficulty with attention.

82
Q

Huntington’s Disease (4)

A

Autosomally dominant genetic disorder. Symptoms begin around 30. Symptoms include personality changes, psychotic behavior, chorea symptoms, depression, and severe dementia. Individuals often live 15 years after their diagnosis.

83
Q

Dementia Puglistica (3)

A

Boxers dementia. Caused by repetative blows to the head. Also develop Parkinson like symptoms.

84
Q

Why Evaluate Individuals with Dementia (2)

A

Documentation of decline. Find conversational and cognitive strengths and weaknesses to build therapy on for a more functional life.

85
Q

Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) (3)

A

7 point scale based on chart review, interviews with caregivers and direct observation.

86
Q

Mini Mental Status Exam (8)

A

One tool used to screen major aspects of cognitive function. Subtests include orientation, attention, calculation, immediate memory, delayed memory, visuospatial construction.

87
Q

Environmental Factors in Dementia (5)

A

Family members/people that help take care of the individual with dementia. You must convince the environment that they are part of the solution. How they interact/facilitate communication with the “not just communication but aggressiveness, nutritional intake, overall happiness”. Important to consider good food part of the environment, too. You can evaluate if environmental factors are working or not by seeing if the pt is improving/how they are doing.

88
Q

Theory of Mind (7)

A

Ability to attribute mental states such as beliefs, desires, intentions, and emotions to oneself and others, allowing one to predict and understand oneself’s behavior and the behavior of others. Is essential for communication in a social setting. Is thought to be controlled by the prefrontal cortex.

89
Q

Normal Aging Hearing

A

Hearing-presbycusis and sociocusis.

90
Q

Limbic System and Pre Frontal Lobe (3)

A

The limbic system is responsible for all emotion. The prefrontal lobe is responsible for viligance when deciding to do something. Limbic system is responsible for deciding what action to carry out based on emotions and past emotional memories.

91
Q

ADHD and Attention (7)

A

Attention is not a disease it is a description of a behavior. What are the reasons other than actually physiologically having ADHD that you could have trouble paying attention? Lack of interest, hearing loss, internal and external distractors (sick, pain, tv on all the time, psychological pain, worry) , anxiety, depression. All of these things can interfere with attention which can cause a misdiagnosis.

92
Q

Mahendra

A

Exercise, eating right, being outside can mediate cognitive decline. All therapists have prevention in their scope of practice. We need to be more proactive in prevention.

93
Q

Baby Boomers and Aging (4)

A

More likely to be proactively involved in their health care, more physically active, will more likely pay out of pocket for health services and thus be more demanding for ‘personally relevant’ results.

94
Q

Reversible Dementia (4)

A

Not really dementia. Dementia like symptoms are caused by metabolic states, anesthesia reactions, and medication reactions.

95
Q

Normal Aging Vision (3)

A

Vision- decreased in some contexts such as contrast, depth perception, and light sensitivity.

96
Q

Normal Aging Voice (6)

A

Voice-higher pitch in men and lower pitch in women, greater values of shimmer and jitter, tremor, reduced amplitude, and breathiness.

97
Q

Normal Aging Swallow (9)

A

Swallow- increased mastication, reduction in tongue mobility, larger volume for triggering the swallow is needed, penetration increases, slower time for UES opening, pharyngeal swallow triggered below the ramus, delayed esophageal transit, reflux, and uncoupling of oral and pharyngeal stages.

Cognitive Communication (2 decks)

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