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Axial skeleton: Anatomy and Biomechanics > Cervical Biomechanics > Flashcards

Cervical Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the spine

A
  • protects spinal cord and exiting spinal nerves
  • serves as attachment for muscles/ligaments
  • provides a structural base of support
  • is vertical sustaining rod to support upright posture
  • gives trunk mobility
  • provides a link between the upper and lower extremities
  • absorb shock for the entire body
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2
Q

Structure of spine (how many of each)

A
  • 33 vertebrae
  • 23 intervertebral discs
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 9 fused vertebrae
  • -5 sacral
  • -4 coccyx
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3
Q

primary spinal curves (where are they located, is it kyphotic or lordotic)

A
  • kyphotic
  • -thoracic spine
  • -sacral region
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4
Q

secondary spinal curves (where are they located, is it kyphotic or lordotic)

A

lordotic

  • -cervical spine
  • -lumbar spine
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5
Q

what is the degree of curvature in each region

A

cervical-30-35 deg lordosis
thoracic-40 deg kyphosis
lumbar-45 deg lordosis

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6
Q

functions of the intervertebral disc

A
  • bind vertebrae together
  • contribute to shape of spinal curves
  • absorb shock of vertical loading
  • stabilize spinal segments
  • facilitate movement in spine by acting as a spacer between the vertebrae
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7
Q

what is the nucleus pulpous and its function

A
  • soft gel-like interior

- shock absorber

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8
Q

what is the annulus fibrosis and its function

A
  • contains nucleus pulposus

- prevents herniation

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9
Q

ligaments and structures that limit flexion

A
  • Ligamentum nuchae
  • Interspinous ligament
  • Supraspinous ligament
  • Ligamentum flava
  • Apophyseal joints
  • Posterior annulus fibrosus
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament
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10
Q

ligaments and structures that limit extension (beyond neutral)

A
  • Apophyseal joints
  • Cervical viscera
  • Anterior annulus fibrosus
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament
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11
Q

ligaments and structures that limit axial rotation

A
  • Annulus fibrosus
  • Apophyseal joints
  • Alar ligament
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12
Q

ligaments and structures that limit lateral flexion

A
  • Intertransverse ligaments
  • Contralateral annulus fibrosus
  • Apophyseal joints
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13
Q

what type of joint is the AO joint

A

synovial joint

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14
Q

AA joint: joint articulations (medial joint)

A
  • two synovial cavities around the dens (anterior/posterior)

- transverse ligament of the axis

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15
Q

AA joint: joint articulations (lateral joint)

A

2 lateral joints

  • superior zygapopyseal facets of the axis
  • inferior zygapophyseal facets of the atlas
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16
Q

what motion does the AO joint allow for

A

nodding

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17
Q

what motion does he AA joint allow for

A

rotation of the head

18
Q

what are each pair of vertebrae connected through (C3-7)

A
  • 2 zygopophyseal joints
  • 2 uncovertebral joints
  • interbody joint with the intervertebral disc
19
Q

describe type 1 coupling

A

Sidebending and rotation occur in OPPOSITE directions

20
Q

describe type 2 coupling

A

Sidebending and rotation occur in SAME directions

21
Q

where is the first cervical disc located

A

between C2 and C3

22
Q

How is the nucleus pulposus contained in the cervical spine ?

A

by the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)

23
Q

What is the function of the transverse ligament?

A
  • Main stabilizer of the dens

* Limits the amount of flexion in the AA joint

24
Q

What can compromise the transverse ligament?

A

Down syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

25
Q

what is the function of the alar ligament

A

• Limits rotation of the head
• Limits lateral flexion of the head to the opposite side
(From dens to medial side of occipital condyles)

26
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the AO joint have? and what are they?

A

3 degrees

  • sagittal: flexion/extension
  • frontal: sidebending
  • Transverse: rotation
27
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the AA joint have? and what are they?

A

2 degrees
-transverse: rotation (primary movement)
-sagittal: flexion/extension
(convex on convex)

28
Q

Capsular pattern/s for AO joint

A
  • Extension = Side bending

* Flexion > Extension

29
Q

Capsular pattern/s forAA joint

A
  • rotation
30
Q

arthokinematics for C3-C7 (closed, open and capsular pattern)

A

-Closed= full extension
-Open= Resting position midway between flexion and extension
-capsular pattern
• Side bending = Rotation
• Extension > Flexion

31
Q

cervical flexion arthokinematics (at AO, AA and C2-7)

A

AO- anterior roll, posterior glide
AA- superior tilt
C2-7- anterior translation, anterior rotation

32
Q

cervical extension arthokinematics (at AO, AA and C2-7)

A

AO- posterior roll, anterior glide
AA- inferior tilt
C2-7- posterior translation, posterior rotation

33
Q

cervical retraction arthokinematics (at AO, AA and C2-7)

A

AO-anterior roll, posterior glide
AA- superior tilt
C2-7-posterior translation, posterior rotation

34
Q

cervical protraction arthokinematics (at AO, AA and C2-7)

A

AO- posterior roll, anterior glide
AA- inferior
C2-7- anterior translation, anterior rotation

35
Q

cervical rotation arthokinematics (at AO, AA and C2-7)

A

AO-negligible
AA- Ipsilateral posterior glide/medial
glide, Contralateral anterior/lateral glide
C2-7- Ipsilateral posterior/medial glide-contralateral anterior/lateral glide

36
Q

cervical lateral flexion arthokinematics (at AO, AA and C2-7)

A

AO- ipsilateral roll, contralateral slide
AA- negligible
C2-7- ipsilateral posterior glide/approximation- contralateral anterior glide/gapping

37
Q

What coupling is at AO and AA joint

A

Type 1- opposite side rotation

38
Q

what coupling is at C2-7

A

Type 2- same side rotation

39
Q

What is torticollis? and what is affected?

A

congenital muscular disorder

-unilateral contracture of the SCM

40
Q

what is thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)? what is affected?

A
  • compression of the brachial plexus and/or subclavian vessels
  • mimic ulnar n. entrapment (numbness and tingling)
41
Q

what is cervical radiculopathy? what is affected?

A
  • neurogenic pain in the distribution of cervical nerve root
  • caused by herniation of cervical disc
  • patient may present with decreased cervical lordosis and reduced ROM

Axial skeleton: Anatomy and Biomechanics (7 decks)

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