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Anatomy and Physiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

What are the special characteristics of muscle tissue?

A

Excitability - Can receive and respond to stimuli
Contractability - Ability to shorten
Extensibility - Ability to be stretched
Elasticity - Ability to recoil to resting length

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3
Q

What are the main functions of muscle?

A

Movement of bones or fluids
Maintain posture and body position
Stabilizing joints
Heat generation

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4
Q

What are additional functions of muscle?

A

Protects organs
Forms valves
Controls pupil size
Causes goosebumps

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5
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

Covers entire muscle

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6
Q

What is the membrane called that covers the entire membrane?

A

Epimysium

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7
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

Covers a fascicle

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8
Q

What is the membrane called that covers a fascicle?

A

Perimysium

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9
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

Covers the muscle fibers

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10
Q

What is the membrane called that covers a muscle fiber?

A

Endomysium

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11
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

Plasma membrane of muscle cells

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12
Q

What is the plasma membrane of muscle cells called?

A

Sarcolemma

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13
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

Complex organelle composed of bundles of myofilaments

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14
Q

What are the two types of myofilaments?

A

Actin - Thin myofilaments

Myosin - Thick myofilaments

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15
Q

What is a sacromere?

A

A contractile unit in a myofibril

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16
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm of a muscle cell

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17
Q

What is the H zone?

A

Area of myofibril where actin and myosin are not overlapping

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18
Q

What is titin?

A

Elastic filament that helps connect myosin to z-discs

Allows recoil after contraction

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19
Q

What are the functions of myosin heads?

A

Binding sites for actin
Binding sites for ATP
ATPase enzymes

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20
Q

What is F actin?

A

Structural protein
Has sites for G actin
Found in Actin

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21
Q

What is G actin?

A

Serves as a binding site for myosin heads

Found in actin

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22
Q

What is tropomyosin?

A

Regulatory protein that covers g actin binding site in resting state
Found in actin

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23
Q

What is troponin?

A

Protein that holds tropomyosin in position during rest
Calcium binds to troponin to move tropomyosin during contraction
Found in actin

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24
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Stores and releases calcium ions

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25
Q

What is a T tubule?

A

An extension of the plasma membrane
Transmits messages to muscles
Penetrates cell’s interior at A-band - I-band junction
Conduct electrical impulses deep into the muscle cell

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26
Q

What is a terminal cistern?

A

Thick parts of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Involved in calcium storage

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27
Q

What is a triad?

A

Two terminal cisterns and a t tubule

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28
Q

What happens after a nerve sense travels through the sarcolemma?

A

Goes to t-tubule
Gets spread across sarcoplasmic reticulum by t-tubule
Muscle contraction

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29
Q

What is the sliding filament model of contraction?

A

Generates force but doesn’t always shorten fibers
Actin slides past myosin during contraction
Occurs when cross bridges are made

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30
Q

What happens when cross bridges are made?

A

Myosin heads bind to actin and move actin
I bands shorten
H bands disappear

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31
Q

Where is an action potential generated?

A

In sacrolemma

Generated by nervous system

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32
Q

What must happen for skeletal muscle contraction to occur?

A

Activation

Excitation

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33
Q

What are the parts of a neuron cell?

A

Dendrites
Soma
Axon

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34
Q

What are the three steps through which action potential occurs?

A

End Plate Potential
Depolarization
Repolarization

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35
Q

What happens in End Plate Potential?

A

Acetylcholine opens ligand gated ion channels
Sodium rushes in and potassium comes out
Threshold occurs

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36
Q

What does it mean for a cell to reach threshold?

A

Change in resting membrane potential by + 15-20 mv

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37
Q

What is the typical muscle resting membrane potential?

A

-90 - 95 mv

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38
Q

What occurs in depolarization?

A

Generation and propagation of an action potential

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39
Q

What occurs during re-polarization?

A

Restores electrical conditions of resting membrane potential
Sodium channels close and voltage gated potassium channels open
Refractory period

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40
Q

What is a refractory period?

A

Period where muscle cannot be stimulated until repolarization is complete

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41
Q

What is rigor mortis?

A

Dying cells take in calcium and cause muscle stiffness

Cross bridge detachment requires ATP which isn’t present after death

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42
Q

What is the force of contraction dependent on?

A

The number of cross bridges made?

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43
Q

What is the number of cross bridges made dependent on?

A

Number of muscle fibers stimulated (recruitment)
Relative size of fibers
Frequency of stimulation
Degree of muscle stretch

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44
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

One motor nerve and all the muscle fibers that it stimulates

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45
Q

What happens in a muscle twitch?

A

There is a delay (latent period) between neuron and muscle contraction
Contraction of muscle
Relaxation

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46
Q

What is wave or temporal summation?

A

Each stimuli builds off last, contracts a little more each time

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47
Q

What is complete tetanus?

A

Stimulus comes all at once causing complete and maximal contraction
Adrenaline situations

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48
Q

What is the velocity and duration of muscle contraction influenced by?

A

Muscle fiber type
Load
Recruitment

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49
Q

What are the three muscle fiber types?

A

Type I - slow oxidative fibers
Type II a - Fast oxidative fibers
Type II b - Fast glycolytic fibers

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50
Q

What is EPOC?

A

Excessive Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption

The body is making up for the oxygen debt that it went into to

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51
Q

What are the aerobic adaptations to exercise?

A

Increased capillaries
Increased number of mitochondria
may convert fast glycolytic fibers to slow twitch

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52
Q

What are the resistance training adaptations to exercise?

A

Muscle hypertrophy (muscles get bigger)
Increased mitochondria, myofilaments, connective tissue and glycogen stores
Increased muscle strength and size

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53
Q

What kind of tissue replaces lost muscle tissue?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

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54
Q

What percentage of body mass does skeletal muscle make up?

A

Male - 42%

Female - 36%

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55
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory input - Info about internal and external changes
Integration - Processing and interpretation of sensory input
Motor unit - Activation of effector organs to cause a response

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56
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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57
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Consists of brain and spinal cord
Integrating and control center of nervous system
Interprets sensory input and dictates motor output

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58
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Consists of nerves that extend from brain and spine

Spinal and cranial nerves

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59
Q

What are spinal nerves and what are cranial nerves?

A

Spinal nerves carry impulses to and from spine

Cranial nerves carry impulses to and from brain

60
Q

What is the PNS divided into?

A

Sensory (afferent) division - from organs to CNS

Motor (efferent) division - from CNS to organs

61
Q

What are the two fiber types in the afferent division?

A

Somatic sensory fibers

Visceral sensory fibers

62
Q

What is the function of somatic sensory fibers?

A

Convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscle and joints to central nervous system

63
Q

What is the function of visceral sensory fibers?

A

Convey impulses from internal organs to central nervous system

64
Q

What is the function of the motor (efferent) division?

A

Transmits impulses from CNS to effector organs

Divided into the somatic and autonomic subdivions

65
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Composed of somatic motor nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle
Voluntary nervous system

66
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Composed of visceral motor nerve fibers
Controls smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands
Involuntary nervous system

67
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

68
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Increases heart rate and blood flow to muscles

Fight or flight

69
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Slows down heart rate, breathing rate
Increases blood flow to abdominal organs
Rest and digest

70
Q

What are the two types of cells that make up nervous tissue?

A

Neuroglia

Neurons

71
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

Small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons

72
Q

What are neurons?

A

Nerve cells that are excitable and transmit electrical signals
Structural units of nervous system

73
Q

What are the types of CNS neuroglial cells?

A

Astrocytes
Microglial cells
Ependymal cell
Oligodendrocytes

74
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

CNS neroglial cells
Connect neurons to capillaries
Allow exchange of nutrients between neurons and capillaries

75
Q

What are microglial cells?

A

CNS neuroglial cells
Defense cells
Help expel waste

76
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

CNS neuroglial cells
Line the central cavities of brain and spinal cord
Form permeable barrier between cerebrospinal fluid and tissue fluid
Create cerebrospinal fluid circulation

77
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

CNS neuroglial cells
Help insulate neuron
Form myelin sheaths

78
Q

What are the types of PNS neuroglial cells?

A

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

79
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

PNS neuroglial cells
Surround neuron cell bodies
Similar functions as astrocytes

80
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

PNS neuroglial cells
Form myelin sheaths
Allows regeneration of damaged PNS fibers

81
Q

What is a soma?

A

Cell body of a neuron
Has a well developed rough ER
Synthesizes proteins, membranes and other chemicals

82
Q

What is a nuclei?

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

83
Q

What is a ganglia?

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

84
Q

What are neuron processes?

A

Extensions from the cell body

Dendrites and axons

85
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Produce graded potentials

The receptive region on neurons

86
Q

What do axons do?

A

Conduct and generate nerve impulses

87
Q

What are the areas of the axon/

A

Axon hillock - area where axon meets soma
Axon collaterals - branching of axon
Axon terminal - end of axon

88
Q

What are the two terms that describe movement in the axon?

A

Anterograde - away from soma, uses kinesins

Retrograde - toward soma, uses dyneins

89
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Wraps and coats axon

90
Q

What are the functions of the myelin sheath?

A

Protects and electrically insulates axon

Increases speed of nerve impulse transmission

91
Q

What is the node of ranvier?

A

Gaps that are not myelinated on axons

Speeds up action potential/electrical conduction

92
Q

What is white matter?

A

Regions of the brain and spinal cord with dense collections of myelinated fibers

93
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Area without myelination

94
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

Neurons with three or more processes

Most common type of neuron

95
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A

Neurons with two processes
One is a dendrite, other is an axon
Found in retina

96
Q

What are unipolar neurons?

A

Neuron with only on process

One side is receptive and other is secretory

97
Q

What are the three functional classifications of neurons?

A

Sensory
Motor
Interneurons

98
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Neurons that transmit impulses to the brain

Almost all unipolar

99
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Carry impulses from CNS to effectors

100
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Connect sensory and motor neurons

99% of body’s neurons

101
Q

What is voltage?

A

Measure of potential energy generated by seperated charge

102
Q

What is current?

A

Flow of electrical charge between two points

103
Q

What is resistance?

A

Hindrance to chrage flow

104
Q

What are the two types of resistance?

A

Insulator - high electrical resistance (myelin)

Conductor - low electrical resistance

105
Q

What is Ohm’s law?

A

Current (I) = Voltage (V) / Resistance (R)

106
Q

What are the two main types of ion channels?

A

Leakage and gated

107
Q

What are leakage ion channels?

A

Always open

Allow things to travel down concentration gradient

108
Q

What are the three types of gated ion channels?

A

Chemical (ligand)
Voltage
Mechanically

109
Q

What are chemical gated ion channels?

A

Ion channels that open with the binding of a specific neurotransmitter

110
Q

What are voltage gated ion channels?

A

Ion channels that open and close in response to changes in membrane potential

111
Q

What are mechanically gated ion channels?

A

Ion channels that open and close in response to physical deformation of redceptors

112
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

Electrical difference across the membrane of a resting cell

113
Q

What are the two types of signals that a change in membrane potential will produce?

A

Graded potential

Action potential

114
Q

What is graded potential?

A

Incoming signals operating over short distances

Found in dendrites

115
Q

What are action potentials?

A

Long distance signals of axons

116
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Membrane potential decreases

Inside of membrane becomes less negative

117
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

Membrane potential increases

Potassium plays the major role

118
Q

What is summation and where does it occur?

A

Summation is the adding of graded potentials to form an action potential
Occurs in the axon hillock

119
Q

What does it mean for graded potentials to be decremental?

A

The strength of the signal decays with distance

120
Q

What are the two types of voltage gated ion channels?

A

Activation gates

Inactivation gates

121
Q

What are activation gates?

A

Closed at resting state

Open with depolarization

122
Q

What are inactivation gates?

A

Open at rest

Block channel when closed to prevent more ions from entering the cell

123
Q

What gates are open during depolarization?

A

Sodium voltage gated channels are open

124
Q

What gates are open during repolarization?

A

Sodium inactivation gates close

Potassium channels open up

125
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

Voltage gated channels open

But neurons are unable to respond to stimulus

126
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

After absolute refractory period

Requires an exceptionally strong stimulus

127
Q

What does the rate of action potential propagation depend on?

A

Axon diameter

Degree of myelination

128
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

Autoimmune disease that destroys CNS myelin sheaths

129
Q

What are the four classifications of nerve fibers?

A

Group A
Group B
Group C

130
Q

What are group A nerve fibers?

A

Large diameter
Myelinated somatic sensory
Transmit at 150 m/s

131
Q

What are group B nerve fibers?

A

Intermediate diameter

Transmit at 15 m/s

132
Q

What are group C nerve fibers?

A

Smallest diameter
Unmyelinated
Transmit at 1 m/s

133
Q

What are synapses?

A

Junctions that allow neurons to transfer info

134
Q

What are the classifications of synapses?

A

Axeodendritic

Axosomatic

135
Q

What are axeodendritic synapses?

A

Between axon terminals and dendrites of another cell

136
Q

What are axosomatic synapses?

A

Between axon terminals and soma of another cell

137
Q

What is a presynaptic neuron?

A

Neuron that sends info toward synapses

Sensory neuron

138
Q

What is a postsynaptic neuron?

A

Neuron receiving info from synapses

Neuron, muscle cell or gland cell

139
Q

What is the deep fascia?

A

Binds muscles to other muscles

140
Q

What is the H band?

A

Area in the center of the A band containing only thick filaments

141
Q

What is the I band?

A

Area of the sarcomere containing only thin filaments

142
Q

What is concentric contraction?

A

Contraction of the muscle in which the muscle shortens and does work

143
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

Contraction of muscle during which the tension continues to increase but the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens

144
Q

What is isotonic contraction?

A

Contraction of muscle during which the tension continues to increase but the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens

145
Q

What binds calcium ions in a smooth muscle, causing contraction?

A

Calmodulin

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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