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Biology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

the study of heredity and variation of living organisms and how genetic information is passed from one generation to the next

A

genetics

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2
Q

a plant or animal cell that forms the body of the organism; excludes reproductive cells

A

somatic cell

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2
Q

what are the three phases of interphase ?

A

growth 1, synthesis and growth 2

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3
Q

the stage during which a cell carries out it’s normal functions, grows, and makes copies of it’s genetic material in preparation for the next stage of the cell

A

interphase

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4
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

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5
Q

the stage during which a cell’s nucleus and genetic material divide

A

Mitosis

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6
Q

the cell’s chromatin condenses into chromosomes

  • chromosomes are joined at the middle of the centromere
  • spindle fibres are formed from the centromeres as they love apart to opposite poles of the cell
A

prophase

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7
Q

spindle fibres guide the chromosomes to the equator of the cell
- spindle fibres from opposite poles attach to the centromere of each chromosome

A

metaphase

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8
Q

each centromere splits apart and the sister chromatids separate from each other

  • spindle fibres shorten, pulling the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell
  • one complete set of chromosomes has been gathered at each pole of the cell
A

anaphase

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9
Q

begins when the chromosomes have reached the opposite poles of the cell

  • chromosomes start to unwind into strands of less visible chromatin
  • nuclear membrane forms around the new set of chromosomes
  • nucleolus forms within each new nucleus
A

telophase

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11
Q

begins near the end of mitosis and involves the division of the cytoplasm and creation of a new cell

A

cytokinesis

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12
Q

the complete DNA sequence of an

organism

A

genome

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13
Q

an X or Y chromosome, which determines the genetic sex of an organism

A

sex chromosome

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14
Q

a chromosome that is not involved in determining the sex of an organism

A

autosomes

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15
Q

a chromosome that contains the same sequence of genes as another chromosome

A

homologous chromosome

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16
Q

a part of a chromosome that governs the expression of a trait and is passed on to offspring; has a specific DNA sequence

A

gene

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17
Q

a different form of the same gene

A

allele

17
Q

the process of breeding plants and animals for desirable traits

A

selective breedong

18
Q

a photograph of pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell

A

karyotype

19
Q

the process by which sperm are collected and concentrated before being introduced into the female’s reproductive system

A

artificial insemination

20
Q

the process by which an egg that has been fertilized artificially is transferred into a recipient female’s uterus

A

embryo transfer

21
Q

the technique used to fertilize egg cells outside the female’s body

A

in vitro fertilization

22
Q

a process tat produces identical copies of genes, cells, or organisms

A

cloning

23
Q

the use of DNA manipulation techniques to produce multiple copies of a single gene or segment of DNA

A

gene cloning

24
Q

a molecule of DNA that includes genetic material from different sources

A

recombinant DNA

25
Q

the process of replacing an egg cell’s nucleus with the nucleus from a somatic donor cell to produce a cell line of genetically identical cells

A

therapeutic cloning

26
Q

the process of producing genetically identical organisms

A

reproductive cloning

28
Q

an undifferentiated cell that can develop and become specialized into different cell types of the body

A

stem cell

29
Q

reproduction that requires only one parent and produces genetically identical offspring

A

asexual reproduction

30
Q

reproduction that requires two parents and produces genetically distinct offspring

A

sexual reproduction

31
Q

a male or female reproductive cell

A

gamete

32
Q

a cell formed by the fusion of two gametes

A

zygote

33
Q

in humans, the joining of male and female haploid gametes

A

fertilization

34
Q

a cell that contains half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

A

haploid cell

35
Q

a cell that contains pairs of homologous chromosomes

A

diploid

36
Q

the cellular process that produces cells containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

A

meiosis

37
Q

the aligning of homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 in meiosis 1

A

synapsis

38
Q

the process of producing male gametes (sperm) in mammals

A

spermatogenesis

39
Q

the process of producing female gametes (eggs) in mammals

A

oogenesis

40
Q

the exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes

A

crossing over

41
Q

the loss of a chromosome as a result of non-disjunction

A

monosomy

42
Q

the gain of an extra chromosome as a result of non-disjunction

A

trisomy

Biology (12 decks)

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