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290 final Flashcards

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1
Q

political anthropology

A

the study of power and authority and systems of organizing social life

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2
Q

power

A

influencing or controlling the behavior of others

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3
Q

authority

A

the right granted to exercise power

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4
Q

coercive power

A

the use of force, legitimate or illegitimate, by individuals or groups

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5
Q

persuasive power

A

the use of words, relationships, and actions that influence others

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6
Q

hegemonic power

A

the dominance of ideas or culture which serve to maintain balance in a society

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7
Q

social sanctions

A

the responses, positive and negative, that people receive for their behavior

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8
Q

formal sanctions

A

approved or delivered by institutions holding official power (fines and other punishments)

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9
Q

informal sanctions

A

positive or negative actions or words intended to shape behavior

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10
Q

bands

A

existing of few than 100 members, most of whom are related to one another through kinship

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11
Q

what is the most ancient political system?

A

bands

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12
Q

what political organization has flexible membership, hunts and gathers, where decisions are made by consensus, is egalitarian and have conflict resolution through informal sanctions?

A

bands

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13
Q

tribes

A

a decentralized political system that may be associated with any economic form

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14
Q

what political system has leadership based on personal ability, where several of them may be united as a society by culture, language, or heritage.

A

tribes

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15
Q

what political system creates associations for temporary purposes and its conflict resolution is informal

A

tribes

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16
Q

chiefdoms/kingdoms

A

a system of political organization involving an inheritable office, which usually passes down through a family line

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17
Q

in what political system is the authority a family or individual?

A

chiefdoms/kingdoms

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18
Q

what political system is the status of the other members of the society understood in relation to the distance between the authority figure, has the ability to consolidate control through coercive means, where the division of labor is more specialized.

A

chiefdoms/kingdoms

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19
Q

what political system redistributes food surpluses through taxation, and has formal conflict resolution?

A

chiefdom/kingdom

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20
Q

states

A

highly centralized forms of political organizations in which authority rests in institutions and offices

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21
Q

what political system’s power resides in an office rather than a person and the members of the society trust the holder of the office to represent their interests

A

states

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22
Q

oligarchy

A

a small group holding power over the majority

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23
Q

why is it important for humans to live in groups?

A
  1. takes a long time for physical and social maturation
  2. need for companionship
  3. the need to stay together to survive
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24
Q

5 properties of groups

A
  1. consists of two or more people
  2. interaction between the people
  3. symbolic objects are present
  4. relation to other people and objects
  5. unit awareness
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25
kinship
the way in which people selectively interpret the common human experiences of reproduction and nurturance
26
what is a "road map" or structure of interpersonal relationships?
kinships
27
what type of relationships are the basis of the social structure in most nonwestern societies
kinship relationships
28
descent
a societal rule that assigns identity to a person based on his or her ancestry
29
unilateral descent
a kinship system which traces the descent through one side of the family
30
cognatic descent
traces descent through both maternal and paternal ancestors
31
patrilineal descent
descent traced through the fathers ine
32
matrilineal descent
descent traced through both the mothers lines
33
dual
descent traced through both the mothers and fathers lines
34
bilateral descent
kinship is understood to exist equally through both the mothers and fathers lines
35
ambilineal descent
individuals choose a lineage upon reaching adulthood ( his or her mother or father or the maternal or paternal line of his or her spouse)
36
affinial ties
kinship relationships based on marriage (in-laws)
37
consanguine ties
kinship relationships tied together by biological relationships (blood)
38
fictive ties
a person is legally, ceremonially, or religiously tied into a kinship group (godparent, adoption)
39
orientation
family into which he was born
40
procreation
family formed by marriage
41
kin type
a concept that can be described in every culture (each culture has a father's sister)
42
kin term
a specific term that refers to one or more kin types (aunt, uncle)
43
clans
a biologically related group who believe it has descended form a common nonhuman ancestor (god, spirit, animal, or mythical person) often known as the groups totem
44
generational system (hawaiian)
all close relatives of the same sex and generation are referred by the same kin term
45
socialization
the extended family plays an important role in this process
46
security and aid
the kinship system care for the young, the old, and the orphaned. the extended family protects each other
47
social control
the kinship system punishes those who go astray, establishes rules, and maintains social order
48
role of family in society
the most important social learning takes place in the family. the parents prepare the children for their social roles in society. some of the earliest is in the area of sex-appropriate adult models. the family is the key to the maintenance of society. economic, legal, and religious mechanisms encourage families to stay together
49
bride service
the groom works for the bride's kin for a certain period of time before or after marriage.
50
bride wealth
an mount of money possessions, or property given by the groom and his kin to the wife and her kin before, at or after the wedding
51
dowry
the practice of the bride's family providing resources, wealth, or gifts to the groom and his family upon marriage
52
edogamy
selection of a spouse from within a culturally defined group
53
exogamy
selection of a spouse from a different culture
54
levirate marriage
the childless wife who loses her husband marries his brother
55
sororate marriage
the man who loses his wife with no children marries her sister
56
courtship
through dating people find their own spouse
57
elopement
a way of getting married to someone outside or against the marriage rules of a society
58
monogamy
the marriage unit consists of one husband and one wife
59
polygamy
a family of multiple mates
60
polygyny
one man and more than one wife
61
sororal polygyny
one man and more than one wife (a woman and her sisters)
62
polyandry
one wife and more than one husband
63
fraternal polyandry
a man (and his brothers) and one wife
64
group marriage
a man (and his brothers) and one wife
65
serial polygamy
the practice of having several mates, one at a time (often practiced in the US)
66
nuclear fmaily
husband, wife, and children seen as one unit
67
extended family
two or more related nuclear families share one household
68
what does scripture have to say about God's purpose for marriage and family?
God established the family before any other institution. the Bible gives us the basis for marriage and lays out the functions and requirements of marriage and the family. the challenge is relating biblical teachings to cultural practices
69
religion
the beliefs and practices of a society which in turn form the doctrines and rituals of the religion. a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive and long lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic emphasis on the symbolic dimensions of religion rather than the material dimensions or religiously motivated behaviors
70
what does it mean to study religion from an anthropological perspective and what are the benefits of this approach?
using anthropology to study Christianity as a human system can have positive effects on our understanding of God and ourselves
71
discuss four ways in which using anthropology to study Christianity as a human system can have a positive effect on our understanding of God and ourselves.
1. we see how our symbols work in similar ways to other peoples symbols 2. we see how our symbols intersect with other parts of cultural life 3. we see how symbols and practices change over time 4. we see how all religions reflect a common humanity
72
difference between the supernatural in religion and the supernatural in magic
in religion: the supernatural is superior to religion | in magic: man seeks to control the supernatural
73
magic
ritual practices that are believed to have effects on particular situations
74
witchcraft
evil done by a person without the others awareness
75
sorcerer
one who has access to spiritual power and uses it for the purpose of harming others
76
3 ways to explain magic
1. chance-almost anything will work a percentage of the time 2. psychological- if a person believes an event will occur, the person will act on that belief 3. demonological-satan and his demons have supernatural power
77
animism
the word comes from the Latin "anima" meaning breath or soul
78
2 animistic beliefs concerning souls
1. all humans, animals, and plants have souls | 2. the soul continues to exist after the physical being ceases to exist
79
supernatural forces
an impersonal force that indwells humans, animals, plants, and inanimate objects
80
totemism
spiritual unity between an animal or plant and a social group
81
taboo
a behavior, artifact, or symbol that must be avoided in order to evade harm
82
funcironalism
how does religious beliefs and practices work to stabilize or improve the culture as a whole
83
cultural materialism
focuses on environmental adaptation as the force that motivates cultural change
84
symbols
an object, sound,action, or idea to which people assign arbitrary meaning
85
rituals
the practice of religion
86
rites of intensification
rituals in which elements of society, belief, values, or behaviors, are made more dramatic. intense or real than in normal life
87
rites of affliction
rituals directed at alleviating suffering or resolving a problem. for Christians, this type of ritual focuses on God and God's power over illness misfortune, and sin
88
rites of passage
the passing of one stage of life to another stages in life are signified by religious rites
89
3 phases in rite of passage
1. separation- symbolically or physically separating those going through the transition from their old identities 2. liminality- moves people into an identity that is not yet the new but also the old 3. reintegration- the transformed person is welcomed back into the community in their new identity
90
myth
any story with sacred significance
91
functions of religion
1. psychological- religion provides support, consolation, and reconciliation 2. transcendental- religion provides security and direction 3. sacrilization- religion legitimizes norms and values 4. prophetic- religion condemns norms and values which are not consistent with the beliefs of the society 5. identification- religion tells us who we are 6. maturation- religion marks the individuals passage through life for him and his society
92
what makes christianity unique among all the religions?
we believe that the human race is the result of a special creative act of God. God created humans as biological, sociological, and spiritual with needs in every area. is the only system that will completely meet those needs. is the only system that will completely meet those needs. always expresses itself through a culture. is unique int hat it can be expressed equally well in any culture.
93
what are the 3 ways we can introduce Christianity to other cultures?
1. understand the cultural functions of the religion of the society you are serving 2. understand the cultural functions of Christianity within your own culture 3. contextualize Christianity in cultural forms to meet needs in the other culture

Global Studies (2 decks)

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