Learning- Chapter 6

Question 0

Who pioneered the idea of Classical Conditioning?

Answer 0

Pavlov

Question 1

What is Classical Conditioning?

Answer 1

Learning by association.

Question 2

What is a Neutral Stimulus?

Answer 2

A stimulus that doesn’t cause a response?

Question 3

What is an Unconditioned Stimulus?

Answer 3

A stimulus that causes an automatic response.

Question 4

What is an Conditioned Stimulus?

Answer 4

A learned stimulus.

Question 5

What is a Conditioned Response?

Answer 5

A learned response.

Question 6

What is Generalization?

Answer 6

Responding the same way to a stimulus that seems similar.

Question 7

What is Discrimination?

Answer 7

To be able to tell the difference, and be able to respond differently to a stimulus that seems different.

Question 8

What is Extinction?

Answer 8

When the conditioned stimuli no longer causes a conditioned response.

Question 9

What is Spontaneous Recovery?

Answer 9

The revival of a response that was once extinguished.

Question 10

What is Flooding?

Answer 10

Direct exposure to fear in a safe environment.

Question 11

What is Systematic Desensitization?

Answer 11

Relaxation techniques, limited exposure, virtual reality.

Question 12

What is Counter Conditioning?

Answer 12

A pleasant stimulus with the feared object.

Question 13

Explain the “Albert and the Rat” experiment.

Answer 13

Albert had a friend with a lab rat, and scientists showed Albert, the rat and then banged pipes together to create a loud noise. Albert then was afraid of the rat, because he thought he was going to hear a loud noise. He was then afraid of the rat.

Question 14

What is Operant Conditioning?

Answer 14

Learning from consequences, or the “Trained Rat Theory”.

Question 15

Who pioneered Operant Conditioning?

Answer 15

B.F Skinner.

Question 16

What is the Skinner Box?

Answer 16

Skinner would train animals, it was an Operant Conditioning Chamber.

Question 17

What are the different kinds of Consequences?

Answer 17

• Positive Reinforcements.
• Negative Reinforcements.
• Positive Punishment.
• Negative Punishment.

Question 18

What does a reinforcement do?

Answer 18

Increases a behavior?

Question 19

What does a Punishment do?

Answer 19

Decreases a behavior.

Question 20

Explain Positive Reinforcements.

Answer 20

It increases a behavior when it is applied. EX. money, candy, praise.

Question 21

Explain Negative Reinforcements.

Answer 21

Increases a behavior when it is taken away. EX. Turning off an alarm, stop the buzzer in a car, put up an umbrella, to stop the wetness, parents believing lies.

Question 22

Explain Positive Punishments.

Answer 22

Decrease a behavior when applied. EX. Detention, bad grades, tickets, fines.

Question 23

Negative Punishments.

Answer 23

Decreases behavior when removed. EX. Free time, money.

Question 24

What is a Fixed Interval Schedule?

Answer 24

An exact amount of time passes between reinforcements.

Question 25

What is a Variable Interval Schedule?

Answer 25

Time varies between reinforcements.

Question 26

What is a Fixed Ratio Schedule?

Answer 26

Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses. EX. Buy 2, get 1 free.

Question 27

What is a Variable Ratio Variable Schedule?

Answer 27

A reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses. EX. Gambling, sports.

Question 28

Explain Observational Learning.

Answer 28

Watching someone do something, and then mimicking it.

Question 29

Explain Modeling.

Answer 29

You can watch someone do something enough, and you can learn how to to do it.

Question 30

Who pioneered the idea of Observational Learning?

Answer 30

Bandura.

Question 31

What is Latent Learning?

Answer 31

It is the idea of cognitive maps. Learning remains hidden until needed.

Question 32

Who pioneered the idea of Latent Learning?

Answer 32

Tollman.