ab after exam 1

Question 0

Caregivers. Alz

Answer 0

50% taken care of at home,
Mild dementia, likelihood of 16
Moderate 40% likelihood of depression.

Question 1

Treatmentt for alz

Answer 1

All crap.
Drug, increase acetylcholine neurotransmitter.
Vitamin e, no effect. Trials, drugs to slow if anything.
Even a vaccine, worked with mice, but causese hydrocephalus.

No dif between drug and placebo, in number entering institutional care. Mental state score, no dif. For drug. Increasing acetylcholine does improve performance, but not in alz.

Question 2

Alzheimer’s prevalence,

Answer 2

Few cases dev, before age of 50. Slightly more common in females.
Inhibiting factor for dev alz is ones level of cognitive functions, higher cognitive function less the likely hold of alz. So education now changing.

Question 3

Alzheimer’s is

Answer 3

Most common form of dementia.
64% of dementia
Two types early and late onset.
Late onset more common.

Fate that awaits more and more people. Aging population

Question 4

Types of dementia

Answer 4

Vascular dementia,
HIV aids, hunting tons, substance abuse.

MANY DEMENTIAS that affect many disease states.

Question 5

Caveats about the brain.

Answer 5

Brain all important. Well..

1. Hydrocephalics
   Fluid brain, reduce brain size, in past. Lorbord study,

Guy with small brain was getting a masters.
Do well with little cortical tissue. Brain so split, well one area can do everything, how about localization, maybe it’s rubbish,

Sara, inter cerebral hemmorage. Breathing swallowing. Area.
Women, medically induced coma. Cool body, no effect on brain.
Flat EEG, she had, way to see if dead.

Detailed exactly what had gone on, during surgeon conversations

Question 6

Measure dementia

Answer 6

Mini mental states dimension.

25+ is normal. Interesting measure

Question 7

Dsm V added new disorder

Answer 7

Mild neuro cognitive disroder.

Mild cog decline, produce decline modest impairment,
Still independant, not delirium or other mental disorder.

Highly dangerous category. Bill a lot of people. Inaccurate.
Ex. Plaques tangles, no good. Can still behave normally. Even if have seriously.

Question 8

PlaQues and tangles ensue

Answer 8

Because of too much phosphorus,
Myth of aluminum,
Twisted fibres, also in down syn, tau protein involved in

Plaques build up of beta amyloid. Complex protein.

Question 9

Rowena poem, is an example

Answer 9

Tells of extreme pain, of caregivers for alz

Question 10

Culture related alz

Answer 10

Level of cog friending, predicts likely hood of developing alz.

Higher in western cultures. Control age and diet.

Lowest in Chinese,

It is not purely physical.

Question 11

Alz course

Answer 11

Deficit onset, time, and s

On a continuum. Progression, small things to severe. 8-10 years.

Increased risk with mz, but not very heritable. 58%

early onset is quite heritable. Autosomal.

Question 12

Early indication of alz

Answer 12

Nun study Intersting,
Original letter of intent, girl wrote, when asked to get in to nunnery.

Mild cognitive deficit,

Simpler sentences more likely to get alz. Than those who wrote simpler. Abstract vs concrete,

Conscienciousness, higher means less likely to get alz.

Tangles and cognition connection. Wow.

Question 13

Autosonal alz

Answer 13

Early onset.

Chromosome 21 issues, about 1 in 29 cases.
Amyloid precursor gene (APE) effect buildup of amyloid, affects cholesterol transport. Leads to gobs of it in brain.

PlaQues and tangles ensue

Temporal recent memory effected first.
Hippocampus,

Question 14

Mild cognitive deficits and later onset of alz.

Answer 14

Perhaps two distributions, normal brain and alz. Unsure.

Early cognitive deficits predicts later onset of alz.
Tau protein, more likely get alz.

Question 15

Dementia what is it?

Answer 15

Can hide own Easter eggs.

Loss of intellectuality ability (above what is expected noraml at an age. )
Loss memory, higher cortical issue .
Aphasia, apraxia motor coordination problem, adenosia, difficulty recognizing objects.

Not delirium,
Presumed organic factor.

Question 16

Alz not a disease, other things happen like

Answer 16

If alz once 130 all have.

Everton brain goes.

Myelination, continues into 50, decreases after 27-45% prefrontal cortex esp vulnerable.
Also cause plaques and tangles and also leads to cognitive decline,

Question 17

Debate if alz neurologically dif from the norm?

Etiology not understood,

Answer 17

Plaques tangl part of everyone’s brain, argument for simple matter of degree. Normal curve perhaps. Age shifts curve.

Apoe, phosphorous,
Only in 50% of alz

Also show insulin igg pathway, lack of insulin in. Brain
4 the type of diabetes ?

Genetic polymorphism, calhm

Question 18

Reading on sex, dev of depression

Answer 18

Attenuation of prefrontal, amygdala, , hippocampus, though amygdala grows in females as does nucleus axcumnens. Striat all unsure, put amen fails to Ttentuate in depressed. Shows that they’re may in fact be bio neurological markers for depression. Longitudinal study helped debunk so,e ideas. Had issues with mechanics, puberty, size, power, and some other things. But was fairly convincing. Unsure if clinically it could be used yet, needs more replications

Question 19

Criterion validity

Answer 19

Can make, prediction, with error bars, relates to correlation

Question 20

Encepilepathy what is it, what happens when frontal love is changed?

Answer 20

Damaged brain.
Wrestle guy noted.
Phi nease gage. Frontal lobe cahge due to impaled. Completely change personality,

Also alcohol does this! Extreme deficits. Fail to control stim limit system is creating.
50% of all violence when perpetrator is intoxicated. Also true frequently of victim. Cat mouse study.

Question 21

Self eval vs actual ability

Answer 21

R is .29 moderate overall
Many limItiona to this meta analysis
Many moderators in domIn, specificity, time, terms and etc. between task and person. Over
Rally we are not too good at evaluating ourselves, for many reasons. Reminds me of social PSYC

Question 22

Emergenesis

Answer 22

Identical twins tend to have same gens and enviro and traits similar and sometimes really weird,

Raised togethor vs apart.
Jim twins,
Highly correlated. Mz not much dif. Raised p et or togethor.
Remarkable stability.

Repeat ability of results.
Twin alcoholdim, .56 r

There are differential effects though.
Ex. Disinhibition, religous upbringing,
Elisions training leads to more self control less disinhibition,
Married alcoholdim less so. Loneliness.

Question 23

Twin methods

Answer 23

Difference di = e h
Mz h
Difference, leaves h

Homogeneous enviro, iq sim. , emergents is.
Do find difference between a though, but small.

Question 24

Nature nurture, distinction

Answer 24

Stupid.
NTure. Argues, vacuum, enviro argues exist without a body,
Have ideas, attitudes philosophies, not take into acount rela.

Thinks aren’t fixed.
Genes affect change of biochemical actions. .

One can intervene though. Cancer researche ex.

Question 25

Imaging bandwagon or breakthrough. Looking at neural activation is really

Answer 25

Looking at blood flow or blood oxygenation, assuming it equals behaviour.

Generalize from groups to individuals.
Ex. Scz smaller thalamus, but that is only on average.

Not clear if measuring things like lying or decision making.
Neural abnormalities, activation, not a steady state. Many things influence it, not all result or are related to a disease.

Question 26

Iq is an ex of a

Answer 26

Pariah measure

Question 27

Steady state drug screenings

Answer 27

Urine sample, job, (but no PSYC test)
Drug users 16x more absence, likely 4x health problems, 5x other
Lack of specificity, all come down to cost. False positive, high error range, 25% some 66%
Horrible labeling results. All cuz of lack of sensitivity,
Cold decongestant, test positive for cocoa ine, or meth.

Invasion of privacy!

Question 28

Glutamine in patients with scz

Answer 28

Glutamien and ratio to glutamate higher.
Glutamine increase with age, and choline nac for smokers.
Greater symptoms greater glutamine.

Question 29

Reporting, indefinite anything type of test,

anything say so, project yourself into the answer

Answer 29

Projective

Question 30

Interpersonal stress, stp, mdd major environment factor

Answer 30

Gxe stp+MAJOR stress LIFE EVENT onset factors. Interaction CONFIRMED
Interpersonal stress, CONFIRMED with s carriers, esp. L individuals

Chronic family stress.

Conclude
Genes may predispose to reaction to stress.

Methods
Psychological
Life stress Lsi

BzCkground
Meta anal, genes, amygdaloid, variations caused by stp, chronic family stress.
Few episodes mdd noted even with major life events.

Adolescence, subgroups. Limitation to generalize.

Question 31

Epi genetics

Answer 31

Behaviours affect genes, development, expression and structure,

Trans generational epi mutations
Pollutants 4-5 unless interventions.

Methyl donor taken away, kinky tail, added back, GOES AWAY
Constantly bullied mice. 309 genes, increased expression.
Aversion social contact. Can be reversed.
Female rats, lick pups, change stress response, increase viability, affecting particular genes. Shows nature nurture combo.
Nutrition lifestyle intervention. Change artery size. Ornis her al,
Significant change in bio process, with change in diet, reduce stress, mild exercise!
Genes which otherwise activated lead to tumors.
Genetics becomes something readily manipulate, changeable. That’s what epi genetics is all about

Question 32

Human psychogenetics method

Answer 32

Carrier type, chromosome map.

Chromosome 21, Down syndrome, (Mongolian idiocy 1866)

Trisomy 21, 90% show it
Cells don’t devide,
1 in 1000
Abnormal EEG, poor muscle tone, many symptoms, iq higher first five years in life. Respond rhythm writing simple demands.

Mother’s age, where if age x=28 but if 35 1 in 350, 40 1=100

40% of kids with Down syndrome, not babies,
There are in uterine diaGnostic tests, many abortiion, more in euro than us 92 62

Melissa, in university, productive useful tutor Down syndrome.
, normal curve for severity. So what you do conscience decides.

Question 33

Remanded means

Answer 33

Made medical errors.

8th leading cause of death. 5 747 crashing each day every day equiv.

Question 34

Huntington disease

Answer 34

Rapid brain deterioration in end of life. Large ventricles.
Many symptoms,
Ex. Carol car, two sons, killed with gun.
Guilty of assisted suicide,

Question 35

Electrophysiology, EEG as diagnostic tool

Answer 35

Brain RousL of teens,

LOw arousal, and low ans, more criminal history.

Question 36

Charles whitman

Answer 36

Limbic system examples of issues.

Killed, mother wife others, wounded. Tower
Scout master and marine.

Tumor size of waLnut against amygdala. Effect on behaviour.
Excessive writing. Leads to violent emotional behaviour

Other ex. 1972 brain structure.

Temporal lobe epilepsy. (Highly reactive personality patterns) Self stim, electrodes placed on brain, sex behaviour changed.
Limbic area especially septum. Sex with prostitute.
Orgasm was a seizure.

Pihl thinks, area involved in gender determination and sexual roles. Can be changed, not legally.

3rd guy ex.
Depression deep brain stimulation; sink electrode into area brain called subgenual cingulate electrical stim, reduces activity, ahh that makes more sense. Affecting more than one area by doing this, it’s a fibre track.

Question 37

The Limbic system

Answer 37

.

Question 38

Pharmacology

Answer 38

Chlorpromazine
Drug:
Antipsychotic drug began as a antihistamine. Went through the history, starts with one guy in 1952 builds. By 1960 50 million.
More than sedative effect, changes thought and reduce social problems,

Issue of drug, lewd to deinstitutionalization.

Effects:
decrease positive symptoms like hallucinations.
Extrapyramidical symptoms, lack of dopamine, produced.
—->
Amphetamine psychosis
Look paranoid scz, but take amphetamines —> psychoses.
So giving it, leads to people get worse! Shows muck around with dopamine,

Blocking d2 receptor blocking in these drugs, created a lot of problems. Others now block d4 receptors.
Scz ppl have more d2 (3x) and d4 (6x)

Question 39

Attenuated psychosis syndrome

Answer 39

Label when young, person does not believe them. Hallucinations ex, show likely to have.
Know not real. Intervene early didn’t to appropriate resources for treatment and prevention,

Not in dsm 5 because of too many false positives

Question 40

Carrier type of 21 p syndrome for Down syndrome

Answer 40

I’m

Question 41

The prefrontal cortex

How to measure

Answer 41

Defines humans
Rost (random objects test)
Working memory measured.
Sim to iq highly predictive of academic success.

Question 42

Animal studies

Answer 42

methodology,

Anote knock outs.
Focus Selective breaking, !
Ex. Robert 1940, breed intelligence
Maze, breed best/poor assured isolated gene pools,
But, reLly you are manipulating, emotionality, not sure.

Another study flips results in water.

Imp. Cannot be sure what something is being measured.
Consequences not controlled for.
Silver foxes, (PLEINTROPY), lots of changes morphology due to domestication
INTERACTIONS are therefore imp to consider., bar harbor, ex. More and least aggressive strain, both right, handling different. –>different behaviour. Interactions imp. In ab PSYC.
Salt sensitive diet rats, die
Conflict stress, high blood pressure died, even with no salt.
**Suggests vulnerable for one thing, leads to interaction. Whereby vulnerable to another thing. **
Human ex. Children with violent non violent parent, interaction–> criminal history

Norma, McCory, a orton lawsuit,
Freekonomonoics, ab orton —> less criminal! due less kids unstable famili.
Gene x behavioural or drug interactions
Affects all stage of development.
Mao acticity likelihood antisocial behaviour, orchids dandelions idea note. S or. L genotype, mdd (more ss) interaction
Cont gene, can ibus –> scz

Question 43

3 reasons replace rats with lawyers

Answer 43

1. More lawyers than there are a rats.
2. Psychologists get close to rats
3. Just some things rats won’t do.

Question 44

Good test and meSure must be

Answer 44

Reliable, = repeatable

But does not mean it is valid

Question 45

Dopamine, mNipulTe with amino acids,

Answer 45

Low protein, add proteins, see effect?
Interesting,

Decrease dopamine of people whose heart rates increase when drunk, not as inclined to drink.

Question 46

Graphology

Answer 46

Zero validity. But people still like it.

Question 47

Reasons for studying biochemistry in abnormal beha.

Answer 47

Imp. If agree genetics are imp, must know biochemistry.

Functional genetics,

Chemical anatomy of the brain
Neurotransmitters, neuro modulators, location I of activity.

Pharmacotherapy.

Question 48

Predict depression adolescence articel revisited presentation

Answer 48

Thinning of prefrontal hypothesized,
4 waves
High co orbidity for anxiety disorder,

Results
No changes in prefrontal region.
Females esp. Hippo, putamen,

Question 49

Trisomy 21 rela to alz

Answer 49

Live 2/3 lifespan, ht defects,
Many become demented, likely to show play and tangles, diagnosis all, even at 50. TrNslocTion on chromosome 21, also find material that makes play, same genes there also related to early onset alz.

Down vs control study, range in response, build up of amyloid, brain abnormalities, fall above norm.

Question 50

Animal models

Answer 50

In studying abnormal behaviour.

Done for ethics and convenience,
Knock out genes. 10000 strains of mice. Knock outs.
Find motivated subjects, hard, animals. Food reinforce much easier,

Ethics are ephemeral, change with time.
History of autopsy ex.

Problems with animals
Intersperse generality, -analog error.
Apes now almost illegal.

Question 51

Stress and the brain

Answer 51

.

Question 52

Really hard reading dealing with abnormal PSYC gene research in 9 disorders

Answer 52

Alzheimer’s, partly genetic,
Bip scz, many relatedgenevariance, partly due to calcium brain issues.
Asd needs larger pop. For common analysis, rare analysis pints to loci, but as gwas studies and discussion notes, these findings are speculative.
Nothing for mdd
To conclude, need rigor to avoid false positive.
Structural common, rare and de novo (wth?) variants and what about the polygenic locilocuspathwaydistinctions. Such a mindfull study.

Question 53

Genetic expression

Answer 53

Ogod
One gene one disease. Other than hunting tons, none fit that notion.

Consequently look at qtl’s
Quantitative loci. Diagram of interactions, model of interaction leading to effect.

Genes interact loci, cognitive ability ex.
Scz glial cell, sensory motor, eye movements, working memory.

Question 54

The ethics and abnormal behaviour

Answer 54

Related to everything, general heritability, relatively high
But not Dom or recessive so chance?

Heritability of divorce 80%
Twin studies,

Parental warmth .71,
Knock out mice fosb gene, they would die.
Observed they weren’t cared for by mom. Ignore situation,
Preoptic area of hypothalamus shown to be the issue. Rich area in gender differences in humans,

Question 55

Looking at brain and LIMBIC SYSTEM (which means border)

Answer 55

Primitive brain, amygdala, hippo,

The four F
Feeding
Fight fleeting
Fucking engaging in reproductipm

Crocodile brain.
Amygdala imp. Rela to medial orbital

Question 56

3 rd aspect of testing

Answer 56

Applicability, right person getting right measure,
Having predictive validity.
Have part of standard group
So need stratify random sampling to create norm.

Question 57

Huntington disease pedigree

Answer 57

Only disorder follow 50% heritability. Very high, gold standard.

Question 58

Toxic effects

Answer 58

.

Background
Study biochemistry for metabolic effects,
Toxic substances, like fugu, puffer fish, deth like fish (tetrodotoxin). Drugs like LSD,

Water intoxication!
Too much anything lead to supression of something, lol. Pharmacology is poison of something.

Dopamine 80% of brains care choline, produced in two places.
One towards frontal and other towards Limbic. For schiz too much Limbic, not enough in frontal. Differential tracts, not accounted for by many drugs.

At least 5 types of dopamine receptors.

Synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, synapse cycle

Question 59

Steady state tests

Answer 59

Biochemical products,
Alcohol, liver metabolites.

Problem is get far away from brain, when looking at blood and urine,
Spinal fluid, hair,

Hair study, ppm
Cadmium, lead high.
Problem, intellectually disBled also showed high levels, and in murderers, so biological finding interesting, related to brain functioning but NONSPECIFIC

Question 60

Brain imagery ways

Answer 60

Car scan, 2d
MRI 3d
Magnetic field, causes hydrogen atoms align,

Schiz large ventricular, smLler thalamus.

Discrete difference relative to how ppl score on personality tests.

E, frontal cortex, processing rewards stimuli.
Hi c, in area in planning and voluntary control.
Hi n, differences in prefrontal and lambic system.

fMRI
Measuring blood oxygenation,

Pet scan
Inject substance, -> radioactive, binds effects neurotransmitters, what brain dis is measured

Ecstasy reduces sere tonic, (monkey to humans) confirmed

Question 61

Biological measures to differentiate patients

Answer 61

Can’t get any better in test validity than what you are trying to classify (way you seperate people)

Question 62

Although are genes involved in schiz, q

Answer 62

Specific to certain families,
Common disorder questioned, really rare variants.
Most disease are heterogenous

Each family is unhealthy in its own way.

Look relatives without disorder. Show genetically less good at

Foamy pathology increase over life.
standard tests.

Diseases are heterogeneous

Question 63

Validity is

Answer 63

Measure is measuring what is it supposed to measured.

Face validity, looks like right
But doesn’t tell you anything.

Predictive (or criterial) validity

Question 64

Genes patterns, psychiatric disorders.

Answer 64

Prenatal over expression of genes lead to onset of psychiatric disorders.

Association up regulation of some genes, that are considered to be developmental in etiology.

Hurt zygote , teratogens, –> scz! Staged, critical stages for exposure to result in issue.

Asd, scz, bio, amongst others.

For neuro, Intel ads, significantly higher gene expression. Over expressed genes.
Significant under expression for neuro degenerative disorders.

Up regulation for others,

Close to sig. For scz.

Functional effects, genes for neuro generation,
Intellectual disability,

Co expression, gene interaction, nfkb.

Secondary analysis, non sig, scz maybe. Gene set no show, individual do show.

Mdd, asd intel, prenTal over expression.
Scz, specific do. Genes

Postmortem subjects, limited brain region. Alternative gene expressions naturally happen limitation

Question 65

The polygraph q

Answer 65

Ans (autonomic nervous system) use in assessing behaviour
Pay attention to false positives

Truth is we all lie, not good at detecting, hit rate of 54%
With training, best at lie detection using facial expressions (best are secret service)
Abused children and left hemisphere strokes (language affected) are good at it too though. Pay attention to small changes.
Blush of deception after lying, eyes change!

Brain image changes assess lying, also light up when making decisions. So do not cut it.

Question 66

Lots of changes of brain activity as function of psychotherapies, dif.

Answer 66

Affect brain activity measured by imaging, by behavioural psych interventions, in head is what’s in day. May not be disease in brain.

But only corr I think.

Question 67

Adoption studies

Answer 67

Involve cross fostering.
Parents with disorder, kid adopted, without alc or with

Parents raised wo dis, raised with or without.

Cason male alcoholic, 49x increased risk.

Without dis, 4-0increased risk, not a q about enviro. Opposite effect for women,

Pwd pwd, have it in both cases.
Pwod, pwd, ok,

Adopted individuals more at risk of mental disorders,
Also true for criminality,

So alcoholism, linked to males, not females.

Romania ex.
Had lots of prob, due to early enviro

Question 68

Analog error

Answer 68

What you make out of these studies. Using animals.
Self mutilation, for parental attention, but really, hit pressure points releasing endorphins, block this and solve probl

Question 69

Amygdala responsible for?

Answer 69

Think fight flight survival.
Anxiety common problem, a warning.

Default actions of Amy is to label stimuli, unless told things are not fearful. Place cells. Registered. Nuts anxiety idea leads to feel.

Cope with fee, light and lesion and animal studiesl

Video, anxious come from word angus tau means to narrow.
More receptors leads to fear inhibition

Question 70

Study kids low high ses reading ability

Answer 70

Kids equal in reDing ability in June,
High ses did better, after some, low deteriorate.
Power enviro interactive effect of enviro of puttitivity genes!

Question 71

Test animal model sheep, hunting tons to test

Answer 71

Various chemicals carried on virus inject, see start manipulate gene.
Trials, near future it will happen. Genes have been altered using virus in other ways. New Zealand

Question 72

Stress and the brain

Answer 72

Hypo hormone sets in motion bunch of sympathetic nervous system. Lead to cortisol release. Effects Limbic structures

Cortisol has negative impact on oarts of the brain, more you are damaging the brain,
Ex. Days depressed in volume of hippo. Decreases. Damage it, lead to vicious circle where you are more sensitive.
Limbic system includes hippocampus.

Stress defeats ability to beat stress, damaging parts that help.

Question 73

Genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders the emerging picture.

Answer 73

Meta analysis, mega analysis.
Autism, and scz, highest heritability, mdd lowest.
Alzheimer’s, 3 things, scz, no sig,
BIP , negl, calium,
Asd, co morbid, de novo, first time something happens in the family.
Alx, nix, all depends on enviro.
Limitations,

Question 74

Problems in mKing judgements about ppl

Answer 74

Polygraph, not very effective, best 85%
Type 1 error, false positive.
Other examples too.
Pas false positive, high risk no gain.

Question 75

Mind the gap article. Q

Answer 75

G by e,

History, methods +-
Suggestions.

Candidate gene studies,
Use known biased.

Gwas, strict standards, looking outside of genies. Underpowered,

Replication studies, empirical data needed.

Made to appear more credible than they are. False positivel
Adverse life effects.

Race ethnicity issues.

Much info due to other things than protein gene.

Moab has potential
But other ones did not, for like depression and seratonin.
Dopamine, alcohol one ok too. Maybe.

Gwis new ideal, pleitology, phantom genetics, epi genetics, missing parts. All need consideration.

Question 76

Reading on need for shift from behavioural symptoms diagnosis to neurobiological

Answer 76

Note issue of false positive,
Remedie,d by non pharmacological approaches like video games good anyways,
Predictive or preemptive, greate,r outcomes, comparison to chd. Also adolescamts gene,tic ally predisposed need the help. Mental disorders and substance abuse account for most deaths at young ages around world

Question 77

Dementia

Answer 77

250k to 300k
By 2030 750k to 1milliom

By the any more people alive today than have died in all of history.

Driver guy through window did not know!

Question 78

Family studies, Huntington disease study methods

Answer 78

Want to know side 50% fall on. Scz women, arts student

All cases traced to men came from England 1630. Large number families Venezuela 100 ppl 2000 kis at risk.

Linkage analysis, chromosome 4
Autosomal dominant,
Gene cloned
Proteins involved on gene,

Repeated copies of glutamine, over expression gene, almost twice as much.
Decreased brain neurotrophic factor, too many copies of these genes. Oxidative stress, neurotoxic.
50% heritability

Genetic testing,
Ethics, kill them selfs slightest of symptoms, risk do not get tested.
Suicide 25%
Many do not get tested.

Question 79

Interactions and TYPOLOGY

Answer 79

Interactions mentioned in previous card.

Typology,
Ex. Of I,balance of humors,
Carl young intro extro.

SHELDON
Body type reflectin of ones genes, controlled behaviour
Endomorphic, ec tomographic, mesomorphic,
Fat, skinny big nerves, muscular

Viscer, cerebretivr, somatotonic
Found high r between two.

This all shows a lot of self fulfilling prophecy, what we look like controls enviro Nd controls us. That’s what it means. And that’s also what genes do.

Children study,
Reactors are ones at risk of disorders,
Non reactors, lead to other disorders. Anti social

Twin pairs, genic effect

Question 80

Dopamine and ADHD and drug abuseq

Answer 80

May actually exist in children and adults.

Dsm 3 types, inattention or hyperactivity or combined.
Very subjective definitions, great variability and little reliability.
But do asked to be diagnosed in two different settings.

More males than females, most get pharmacological treatment. Increase as kids get older. Large pop.
Misdiagnosis and com orbidity, mdd, anxiety, learning disability and anx.

Long term? Not good. All aspects of living do worse.

Evidence for dopamine?
Stimulants, rivaling adiral etc. used with these kids. 80% effective! recently though shows it is not long lasting!
Brain imaging, reduced dopamine.

Suggests, dopamine is removed too quickly genetic allele.

Series possibilities, produce problem of dopamine in frontal lobes.

Iq goes up, interacts with genetic variable, drd4 allele —> externalizimg behaviour.

DRUG ABUSE

crushed Ritalin could be abused.
D1 D5 antagonist reduce cocaine a use, alcohol. Remeber study.
Deplete precursors works too…
Self administration links to Limbic system, approach behaviour!

Dopamine agonists, decreases inhibition, sort of, likely to self administer drug.

Cocethyline, ***
More of a buzz

Shows how drugs effect us, in combination, create problems lead to other issues. Sought out dopmine activation. Co one and wine.

INERT SUBSTANCE WILL LEAD TO RELEASE OF DOPAMINE
So just showing the tools or other condition effect stuff, release dopamine. Wow.

Question 81

Task, structured rigid

Type of test

Answer 81

Objective

Question 82

National human genome research institute

Answer 82

Diabetes, chd, lung cancer melanoma, colorectal cancer osteoporosis,

Mastectomy prevent breat cancer.

Data weak for most of these disorders.

Ex. Diabetes, only found 18 out of 2.2 million show disease, only explain 6% of diseSe.

Question 83

Glutamine in scz

Answer 83

It is higher, as is glutamine to glutamate ratio.
Choline too.
Shows drugs may not help the over release of glutamate. Leads to more glutamine to metabolize glutamate.

Question 84

The brain and abnormal behaviour

Answer 84

CNS

ans

James Lang theory of emotion:
We feel emotion because of our body’s reaction. Due to ans
Discounted, but panic —> feedback loop.
Physiologic symptoms interpreted in a y to get a feedback loop.

Depends on physicL interpretation of sit,

Question 85

Polygraphs

Answer 85

Ans autonomic nervous system response, reliant
Sympathetic fight flight reaction.
Rice, knife ex. In past.

Guilty knowledge test
You know things only you would know.
Color blouse, 5 options.
Relevant, irrevant. Benign, non benign, see spike.

Question 86

Study methods genes, family pedigree

Answer 86

Family studies
Pedigree no gold standard, similar for too many families.

Only case for gold standard.
Huntington disease.

Question 87

Dolly sheep genetics

Answer 87

Cloned from cell of mammary gland.
Dolly patten reference.
Half lifespan of sheep.

Question 88

Mental disorders in child hood

Answer 88

Neuro developmental disorders,
Not really behavioural.

ADHD, asd, psychosis
Need early intervention

Pro drone? Before disorder manifests.

Question 89

Popular tts used by psychologists

Answer 89

Mm pi personality test.
Worshak test with abstract pictures.

Many of them are projective tests.
Others or objective.

Question 90

Childhood maltreatment articel

Answer 90

Physical and emotional neglect.

Maltreatment greater effect than substance abuse,
But no increased volume in brain regions. Decreases grey matter.

Maltrpreatment shorter tim to lapse.
Severity makes it worse.

Predisposed to mental disorde if maltreated. Altered learning mechanisms, como rid substance abuse

Question 91

Do something physical to the patient, assess reaction response

Answer 91

Challenge test,
Like lie detect,
DexMethasone depression test
Less cortisol, but only 60-70% severe depressed show it
Not specific, other patients also show it, like OCD

Alcohol challenge

Question 92

Iq pariah

Answer 92

Cognitive ability
40-80% heritable.
Can be measured.

Question 93

Cortex, frontal lobe

Answer 93

Executive functioning. Planning

Skull bony ridges, problem concussion, head back and forth walls cranium,

Hard knocks, nfl, more memory problems.
Soccer players and memory and planning less, heading issue, will be wearing helmets in five yrs says pihl.

All leadss to more depression.

Question 94

The oxytocin story

Answer 94

The love hormone, well. Sort of.
Prairie vole. Monogamous.
Level of oxytocin differs. From mountain vole, reduced oxytocin.

Social interaction
pair bonding.
Anti stress
Health promotion. Hmmm

Ex.
Better bond with natural birth, higher oxy helps.
Knock out studies mice, social pair bonding differs, relat aggression scores.

Women, periods distress, need to bond further demonstrated change in oxytocin, hormone level.

Increase seratonin without drugs by?
Think positively
Light (SAD) sun lights
Exercise to fatigue
Faces too I guess in the morning! 
Tryptophan from us though, skip turkey lol

Question 95

What is fragile X

Answer 95

most frequent form of inherited disorder, does not follow strict Mendelian rules, many carriers w/o symptoms, symptoms vary from mild to extreme (learning disabilities to mental disabilities like retardation)
Leading inherited cause of autism, physical abnormalities
Abnormal arms of chromosome.

MAL ESmore at risk than females, because males only have one copy of X chromosome,
In subsequent generation more likely to appear, in future gen, and more severe. -This is Called ANTICIPATION
More than 55 copies, means likely to have the abnormality,

Effects neural dev, accounts physical and mental varia.
Differ in brain GREY and WHITE matter

Question 96

Scz and the brain

Answer 96

Eye tracking, many show, 45% in relatives, in frontal lob and involves dopamine,
En

Depress do poor where right hemi involved.
Scz do poorly where left hemisphere info led.
Suggests temporal prob.

Models
Cognitive thoughts, impairs abstraction, hypo frontally. Misatributionnprocedure. Higher order abstraction problem. Don’t get jokes.

Neurobiology, loses importance of context. Working memory issue.

Psychobiological. Thalami filtering, too much info. Stuff not filtered.
Smaller straight shoot.

Cognitive dysmetria
Mis connection of areas, blending of above ideas.

Neuro developmental disorder. Looking at risk factors. Genetics play a role. Fathers age, prenatal viral infection, nutrion birthing illness postnatal

Question 97

Synapse, synthesis

Answer 97

Stored, broken, taken up, 5 part step to function of synapses.

Question 98

Down syndrome viewed as non heritable die to view from

Answer 98

Old eggs, passed on from grandmother, does not make it genetic.
Same thing in faThers
Scz, ads, bio, all related to fathers

All related to gamete production.

Old eggs and sperm not good, to many train locations possible

Question 99

Common view en iron mental cues turn on genes no l

Answer 99

Light switch view, not quite,
Intensity and frequency are determined.

Kids different ses levels, study. No difference between groups,
Look at age 2, gigantic genetic effect for high ses, enviro has greater effect on genes having effect on cog dev.
Two dif capabilities in populations.

1% absorbed gains of 95% of last recession?