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MSK Week 1 > Bioenergetics/Metabolic Pathways > Flashcards

Bioenergetics/Metabolic Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

Standard state requirements

A

1M reactants, 1M products, 1ATM for gases, 25 degrees C

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2
Q

Difference between G0 and G0’

A

Prime is the biochemical standard state where we have the reaction done in water at 55.5M and at neutral pH of 7.0

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3
Q

Negative delta G

A

Spontaneous Reaction (the amount of energy available to do work is higher in the products)

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4
Q

Positive delta G

A

Non-spontaneous

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5
Q

Delta G0 equation

A

= - 1.36log ([P]/[R])

= -RT log ([P]/[R])

The standard free energy change for a reaction is related to the equilibrium constant of the reaction

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6
Q

Delta G equation

A

Delta G = Delta G0 + 1.36log ([P]/[R])

The “real” amount of energy available to a cell is related to the standard gibbs free energy and the equilibirum constant

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7
Q

Delta G formula in terms of RT and ln

A

DeltaG = RTln([P]/[R]) - RTln([Peq]/[Req])

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8
Q

DeltaG0 in terms of RT and ln

A

DeltaG0 = - RTln([Peq]/[Req])

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9
Q
A
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10
Q
A
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11
Q

How do we determine the oxidation number of a carbon?

A

For every bond to H, subtract 2

For every single bond to O, N, S, or a halogen, add 1 [think SON Halogen]

Double bonds add 2

Triple bonds add 3

For every bond to another C, add 0.

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12
Q

What formula do we use to find the Delta G0’ in calories

A

Delta G0’ = -nF(Delta)E0’

n = number of electron equivalents transferred in the reaction

F = 23.06 kcal/volt/equivalent of electrons (Faraday constant)

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13
Q

Number of ATP per NADH

A

2.5/NADH

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14
Q

Number of ATP per FADH2

A

1.5ATP/FADH2

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15
Q

Why are ATP bonds high energy bonds?

A

Because they are between two negative phosphate groups which repel each other putting strain on the bond

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16
Q

How do we get the energy from ATP?

A

You cannot just capture the exothermic heat caused by the hydrolysis reaction. You instead need to transfer the phosphates to carrier transfer metabolites or proteins (phosphoryl transfer reaction)

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17
Q

S

A

Entropy

18
Q

H

A

Enthalpy

19
Q

P

A

High energy phosphate bond

20
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Conservation of energy - Energy in a system is always constant

21
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Entropy is always increasing - We favor disorder

22
Q

Kelvins

A

Celsius + 273

23
Q

Types of work we can do with energy from ATP

A
  1. Mechanical Work
  2. Transport Work (Active Transport)
  3. Biochemical Work
24
Q

Mechanical work

A

High energy phosphate group generates movement by changing the conformation of a protein

Example: ATP bound to myosin ATPase in muscle fibers is hydrolyzed, causing the myosin conformation to turn to a “cocked” position, ready to associate with the actin filament

25
Q

Transport Work

A

This is also called active transport

Phosphates from the ATP used to act on the proteins in the plama membrane to cause a conformational change in the protein possibly pushing things against their concentration gradients

26
Q

Biochemical work

A

Energy-requiring reactions that use ATP and the bond energy to cause chemical reactions such as with detoxification of drugs

27
Q

What do all metabolic pathways have in common?

A

A negative gibbs free energy

Unfavorable reactions are coupled with favorable ones

28
Q

Creatine Phosphate

A

Has a high energy phosphate group (~-10 kcal/mol)

Amount of creatine in urine is a good determinant of muscle mass. Creatine in plasma is indicitive of kidney failure.

29
Q

Oxidation versus Reduction

A

LEO the lion says GER

(loss of electrons = oxidation)

(gain of electrons = reduction)

30
Q

The most energetic compounds are also the most?

A

Reduced

31
Q

H2

A

Hydrogen molecule

Two protons with two electrons

32
Q

H.

A

Hydrogen atom

one proton with one electron

33
Q

H-

A

Hydrogen ion

One proton with two electrons

34
Q

What does NAD+ accept?

A

H- and is reduced to NADH

(aka two electrons)

35
Q

What does FAD accept?

A

2H. and is reduced to FADH2

(also carries 2 electrons)

36
Q

FADH2 is derived from what?

A

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

37
Q

NADH is derived from what?

A

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

38
Q

What happens when the [NADH]/[NAD+] ratio is high?

A

The production of lactic acid via hydrogenation using NADH

39
Q

What happens under aerobic conditions to FADH2 and NADH

A

They are re-oxidized in the mitochondria to NAD+ and FAD

40
Q

Why do we get more ATP production per NADH than we get from FADH2

A

Because NADH is a stronger reducing agent

MSK Week 1 (14 decks)

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