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Exam 2 Microbio Ch6-9 > Random Questions > Flashcards

Random Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Griffiths experiment

A

Indicated that transformation not only can cause virulence but many times allow organism to develop antibiotic resistance

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2
Q

Inducer

A

molecule that starts the gene expression/ use quorum sensing to produce and secret

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3
Q

Constitutive Enzyme

A

are synthesized constantly; the genes that encode these enzymes are always active. Constitutive enzymes usually play indispensable roles in the central meta- bolic pathways.

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4
Q

Genotype

A

complete heritable genetic identiy

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

description of your actual physical characteristics

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6
Q

Genome

A

organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes.

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7
Q

Pentose Sugar

A

surgar molecule containing 5 carbons

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8
Q

nitrogenous base

A

contains element nitrogen

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9
Q

Purine

A

nitrogen containing double ring compound, adenine and guanine

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10
Q

Pyrimidine

A

nitrogen containing single ring compoound, cytosine and thymine

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11
Q

How many nitrogenous pairs to make an amino acid

A

3, called triplet

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12
Q

Addition Mutation

A

caush a shift in the reading frame of codons can lead to alteration in protein translation.

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13
Q

Insertion

A

changes # of dna bases in gene by adding piece of dna, gene may not function properly

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14
Q

missense mutation

A

change in one dna base pair results in substitution of one amino acid for another protein.

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15
Q

nonsense mutation

A

change in one dna pair, but signals a stop. shortened sequence

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16
Q

Deleteion

A

deletes # of dna bases, alter function resulting proteins

17
Q

framshift

A

addition/loss of dna bases changes reading fram.

18
Q

Mutated Dna can be repaired by

A

Sos Repair, Light repair and Dark Repair

19
Q

Sos Repair

A

Therefore, bacteria have a mechanism, termed SOS repair, that bypasses the damaged DNA and allows replica- tion to continue. The damaged DNA activates the expression of over 30 genes which encode the SOS system.

20
Q

Light repair

A

enzyme uses the energy of visible light to break the covalent bond of the thymine dimer, restoring the DNA to its original state Because light is required for this mechanism, it is called photoreactivation, or light repair. This

21
Q

Dark Repair

A

enzyme recognizes the major distortions in DNA that result from thymine dimer formation. In this process, excision repair, or dark repair, the enzyme makes single-stranded cuts that flank both sides of the damaged region, resulting in excision of the region

22
Q

Auxotroph

A

A microorganism that requires an organic growth factor.

23
Q

Prototroph

A

A microorganism that has no requirements for organic growth factors because it can synthesize them.

24
Q

wild type

A

an organism having an appearance that is characteristic of the species in a natural breeding population.

25
Q

Genetic Recombination

A

is the process by which two DNA molecules exchange genetic information, resulting in the production of a new combination of alleles.

26
Q

How can genes be transfered between microorganisms

A

horizontal gene transfer= Transmission of DNA
from one bacterium to another through conjugation, DNA-mediated transformation, or transduction; also called lateral gene transfer.

27
Q

Transduction vs conjugation vs transformation

A

Transform-bacterium dna from environment
Transduct-virus infects a bacteria dna entrapped in the viral capside
Conjugation-bacterium transfers dna directly to another bacterium

28
Q

Competent

A

Physiological condition in which a bacterial cell is capable of taking up DNA.

29
Q

Transduction in prokaryotes use this type of virus

A

bacteriophages

30
Q

Sex Pilus

A

Thin protein appendage required for attachment of two bacteria prior to DNA transfer by conjugation. Also called F pilus.

31
Q

Why is gene transfer important in hospital setting?

A

antibiotic resistance

32
Q

transposable element

A

or transposon) Gene that moves from one DNA molecule to another within the same cell or from one site on a DNA molecule

33
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

Type of enzyme that recognizes

and cleaves a specific sequence of DNA.

34
Q

Gene Cloning

A

researchers can isolate genes from one organism, manipulate the purified DNA in vitro, and then transfer the genes into another organism, a process called gene cloning.

35
Q

What is a vector

A

(1) In molecular biology, a piece of DNA that acts as a carrier of a cloned fragment of DNA.

36
Q

Genetic Probe

A

single straned dna/rna hybridize to a target sequence, detection in nucleic acid sequence

37
Q

Dna Hybridizalation

A

used to determine genetic distance between two species

38
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction

A

Method used to
create millions of copies of a given region of
DNA in only a matter of hours.

39
Q

Vitro

A

using PCR to create copies of fragments

Exam 2 Microbio Ch6-9 (5 decks)

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