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Pathology pulmonlogy > Basic science pulmonary info > Flashcards

Basic science pulmonary info Flashcards

1
Q

Lobes

A

3 on right

2 on left

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2
Q

bronchioles lack

A

cartilage

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3
Q

acinus

A
  • respiratory bronchiole

- alveolus

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4
Q

particle flow

A
  • > 10 m - deposited largely in nose and upper airways
  • 3 - 10 m - lodge in trachea and bronchi by impaction
  • 1 - 5 m - deposited in terminal airways and alveoli
  • <1 m - remain suspended
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5
Q

respiratory tree is lined with

A

pseudostratified tall, columnar, ciliated epithelial cells

-with damage-> undergo metaplasia to squamous cells

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6
Q

metaplasia that happens with cartilagenous airway

A

mucus gland metaplasia

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7
Q

neuroendocrine cells contain

A

serotonin, calcitonin, and gastrin-secreting peptide

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8
Q

alveolar septa

A

-capillary endothelium/basement membrane/connective
tissue/alveolar epithelium
-type I pneumocytes
-type II pneumocytes

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9
Q

Type 1 pneumocytes

A

95%

-flattened, pavement like

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10
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A

5%

-source of pulmonary surfactant; main cell involved in repair of alveolar epithelium after destruction of Type I cells

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11
Q

pleural pressure

A

-pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura and chest wall pleura; slight suction keeps lungs expanded; caused in part by pumping of pleural fluid into lymphatic channels

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12
Q

alveolar pressure

A

-when glottis is open with no air flowing, the pressures in all parts of the respiratory tree equal to atmospheric pressure

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13
Q

lung compliance

A

-degree of expansion with increase in transpulmonary pressure

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14
Q

movement of air: inspiration

A

-results from decrease in alveolar pressure about - 1 centimeter of water

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15
Q

movement of air: expiration

A

-results from increase in alveolar pressure to about +1 centimeter of water

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16
Q

recoil pressure

A

-measure of the elastic forces in the lungs that tend to collapse the alveoli

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17
Q

transpulmonary pressure

A

transpulmonary pressure (difference in pressure between alveolus and pleural pressure) ranges between -5 and -8 cm. of water with inspiration

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18
Q

surfactant

A

-surface active agent which reduces surface tension of a fluid; secreted by type II alveolar epithelial cells

19
Q

components of surfactant

A

-dipalmitoyl lecithin (phospholipid), surfactant apoproteins, and calcium ions

20
Q

what happens in absence of surfactant

A

-the alveoli tend to collapse and force the air out
*in premature babies with little surfactant, the radii of the
alveoli is less than one-quarter of normal, leading to
collapse of the alveoli (atelectasis)

21
Q

tidal volume

A

500 milimeters in average young adult man and represents only 10% of the total lung capacity
-all pulmonary volumes and capacity are about 30-35% less in women

22
Q

dead space

A

air that never reaches the alveoli and instead fills the respiratory passages

23
Q

physiological dead space

A

anatomical dead space + nonfunctional alveoli

24
Q

pulmonary circulation: blood volume

A

450ml

  • about 9% of total blood volume
  • 70ml is capillaries
25
Q

what do capillaries in lung do in response to low blood oxygen

A

CONSTRICT

-opposite the effect of systemic vessels

26
Q

how is the extra flow during exercise dealt with?

A

increasing the number of open capillaries and by increasing the rate of flow thru each capillary

27
Q

what is the max pressure increased the pulmonary vasculature can accommodate for?

A

7-8mmHg increase in left atrial pressure

28
Q

fluid exchange at level of capillaries

A

movement of fluid out of the capillaries into pulmonary

interstitium:
- capillary pressure
- (negative) interstitial pressure
- interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

29
Q

what determines fluid movement into the capillaries

A

plasma colloid osmotic pressure

30
Q

how is fluid removed from intersitium

A

-lymphatics and evaporation

31
Q

when does pulmonary edema happen?

A

when left atrial pressure exceeds approximately 26 mmHg

32
Q

how is chronic elevation compensated for?

A

-by increased capacity of the lymphatic vessels
-in patients with chronically increased left atrial
pressures, pressures as great as 40 to 45 mm Hg. may
develop without significant pulmonary edema
-in acute conditions, an increase to this level may be
rapidly fatal (within 1 hour)

33
Q

amount of air at end of expiration

A

2300ml

34
Q

volume of air brought into each breath

A

350ml

-several breathes needed before all air in respiratory tree is exchanged

35
Q

exchange of O2 and CO2 dependent on

A

ventilation rate and rate of absorption (O2) or excretion (CO2)

36
Q

partial pressure of O2 on inspiration and expiration

A

inspired: 150mmHg (20%)
expired: 120 mmHg (15%)

37
Q

CO2 partial pressure on inspiration/expiration

A

inspired: .3mmhg (.04%)
expired: 27mmHg (3.6%)

38
Q

what factors determine how rapidly gas will pass through membrane

A
  • thickness of membrane
  • surface area of membrane
  • diffuse coefficient
  • pressure difference between the two sides of the membrane
39
Q

diffusion coefficient for CO2

A

20X that or O2

40
Q

gas exchange

A
  • even with alveolar fibrosis, CO2 exchange not decreased
  • however O2 exchange is affected
  • increase in PCO2 usually due to a hypoventilation
41
Q

relationship of PO2 and PCO2

A
  • overall delivery of O2 to tissues is relatively independent of pulmonary PO2
  • both blood and tissue PCO2 are inversely proportional to pulmonary ventilation
42
Q

respiratory center

A

several widely dispersed groups of neurons located bilaterally in the medulla oblongata and pons

43
Q

chemical control of respiration

A

-chemosensitive area of medulla is sensitive to pCO2 or H+ ion concentration
-changes in oxygen concentration have virtually no direct effect on respiratory centers
-chemoreceptors in carotid bodies and aortic bodies are
responsive to low levels of oxygen; feed back to central
respiratory centers

Pathology pulmonlogy (5 decks)

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