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Medsci305 > Lecture 19: immunology I > Flashcards

Lecture 19: immunology I Flashcards

1
Q

What does CD stand for in immunology?

A

cluster of differentiation- this relates to the genetic loci where some genes are found

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2
Q

What are some critical immune organs in the body?

A

lymph nodes
tonsils
spleen

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3
Q

What are the tonsils?

A
  • generally termed as lymphatics, these are the hubs where your immune cells go to communicate with other immune cells
  • An average body has ~500-600 lymph nodes strategically positioned throughout the body
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4
Q

Why is the bone marrow important?

A

This is where you get stem cells which are important

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5
Q

What are potential targets for immune suppression?

A 
Tonsils
lymph nodes (neck, armpits, grown)
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6
Q

What are the main types of white blood cells?

A

granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, natural killer cells

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7
Q

What are the physical barriers?

A

skin
mucosa
intestine
tissue barriers (blood brain barrier)

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8
Q

What are examples of immune mediators?

A 
cytokines
chemokines
growth/differentiation factors
recognition molecules
killing molecules
adhesion molecules
eicosanoids
endocrine molecules
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9
Q

What are examples of cytokines?

A

interleukins
interferon
TNFa

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10
Q

What are examples of chemokines?

A

IL-8
MCP-1
CLs
CXCLs

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11
Q

What are growth/differentiation factors?

A

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor

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12
Q

What are recognition molecules?

A

MHC Class I and II
MIRs
these are important in order for the immune system to distinguish self from non self between healthy and damaged

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13
Q

What are adhesion molecules?

A

ICAM-1
integrins
CD2

important for leukocyte diapedesis

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14
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

prostaglandins, leukotrienes

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15
Q

What are endocrine molecules?

A

steroids,
Corticol releasing hormone
catecholamines
histamine

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16
Q

What are proliferal immune cells?

A

immune cells in the blood.

These are predominantly neutrophils, followed by B cells, T cells

17
Q

What do T cells, monocytes and macrophages have in common?

A

they all have incredible heterogeneity and functionality which can potentially be separated into different subsets

18
Q

What is the innate immune system?

A

the immune response which is the first line rapid response

this is primitive,

19
Q

What does the innate immune system involve?

A 
natural killer cells
mast cells
eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils 
monocytes
macrophages
dendritic cell
  • these are not antigen specific but are collectively the first line defence against bugs
  • has no capacity to generate a memory population
20
Q

Where are the cells of the innate immune system strategically positioned?

A

in the key barrier type places e.g.
skin (langerhans cells)
blood brain barrier (microglia, astrocytes) as that is where infections will occur

21
Q

What is innate immunity important for?

A
  • the elimination of pathogens that might cause infection
  • the removal of dead or dying cells
  • the recognition of abnormal cell types
22
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

main abundant white blood cell comprising of ~70% of WBCs

  • normally found circulating blood
  • migrates to sites of inflammation rapidly
  • short half life (hours-days)
  • often primary responders
23
Q

What are the main actions of neutrophils?

A
  • phagocytose microbes and debris
  • release cytokines which amplify inflammatory response
  • degranulation and release granules containing antimicrobial peptides, proteases
24
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

-involved in surveillance of blood and tissues for infected and tumourogenic cells

25
Q

What is MHC class I important for?

A

recognising normal healthy self

if this is not recognised, chances are NK cells will kill the affected cell.

26
Q

How do NK cells kill?

A

by forming immunological synpase and injecting this into the target of lytic enzymes e.g. granzymes

27
Q

What are monocytes and macrophages?

A
  • very multi facted cells produced in the bone marrow

- monocytes circulate in the blood and leave to reside in tissues to become macrophages

28
Q

What are the roles of monocytes and macrophages?

A
  • remove pathogens and foreign bodies through phagocytosis
  • some kill pathogens and cells by releasing H2O2 or NO
  • recruit innate and adaptive immune systems through release of inflammatory cytokines
  • some monocytes can differentiate into tissue APC which are involved in antigen presentation to the t cells
29
Q

What is the adaptive immune system?

A

This primarily constitutes T and B lymphocytes which each have the capacity to generate a population of memory cells

30
Q

How do vaccinations utilise the adaptive immune system?

A
  • they mount an adaptive general immunity to the baccine
  • there is usually an immunogen that boosts the immune system
  • this immunogen is recognised by T or B cells
  • the B cells produce an antigen while T cells produce a molecule that is ready when it encounters the antigen again
31
Q

Can an adaptive immune system function without an innate immune system?

A

Yes.
Although both systems work hand in hand together you will often the innate immune system will delay and process antigens to the T and B cells for the adaptive immune system

32
Q

What are exampels of immune system failure?

A
  • allergic reactions
  • pain from tissue injury/inflammation
  • autoimmune diseases
  • tissue rejection
  • immunodeficiency
  • tumour evasion
  • other forms of immune compromise
33
Q

What are examples of anti-inflammatory strategies?

A

steroids and NSAIDs

34
Q

What are NSAIDs?

A

non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which inhibit COX enzymes. This prevents PG and LT synthesis.

  • original NSAIDs were non selective and targeted both COX I and COX II
  • newer generation are COX II selective

aspirin - oldest
ibuprofen, naproxen, non selective
Diclofenac- weak preference for cox II

35
Q

What are steroidal drugs?

A

these work by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor.
When this receptor doesnt have a ligand/agonist bound, it is found cytoplasmically.

binding transfers this receptor to the nucleus to influence transcription of inflammatory genes, NFkb
This results in a shift in the pro inflammatory and anti inflammatory genes being developed

36
Q

What is dysfunctional about an allergy?

A
  • adaptive immune system
  • this is thought to be due to the type of immune response which is no longer exposed to the poor sanitation we used to have
  • mast cells release histamine to stimulate the H1 receptors resulting in increased wells, oedema, itching.
  • treat by blocking these H1 receptors with antihistamines

Medsci305 (17 decks)

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