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Aging in Families > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the first 3 classifications of living arrangements?

A
  • Living alone
  • Living with spouse only
  • Living with a child (including adopted
    children) , child-in-law or grandchild
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2
Q

What are the last 2 classifications of living arrangements?

A
  • Living with another relative (other than
    a spouse or child/grandchild)
  • Living with unrelated people only, apart
    from the older person’s spouse
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3
Q

What explains the most of the difference in living arrangements?

A

Higher rates of widowhood for older women

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4
Q

What percentage of older people live with a spouse?

A

54.6% lived with a spouse.

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5
Q

What percentage live alone?

A

30.5% lived alone.

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6
Q

What percentage of men and women live with a spouse?

A

72% of older men and 42% of older women.

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7
Q

What percentage of men and women live alone?

A

39.5% of older women and 18.5% of older

men.

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8
Q

Why will the number of older people who live alone will

likely increase in the future?

A
  • High divorce rates in middle years; Increased
    numbers of never-married; Increased social
    security benefits; “intimacy at a distance”
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9
Q

What risks are associated with older people living alone?

A
  • Have more unmet needs for personal help
    with activities of daily living (ADL).
  • Need more community services to stay out of
    institutions.
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10
Q

Older people spend about how much of their time within their home?

A

80-90% of their day.

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11
Q

No matter the housing decision, the best choice is what?

A

one that ensures that the older person’s health,
social and financial needs are met, and that the
older person’s legal rights are protected.

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12
Q

What are some housing options?

A 
Single-family home
Apartment living
Assisted living facilities, board and care homes
Retirement villages or communities
Nursing Homes
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13
Q

What percentage of older people live in homes they own?

A

80%

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14
Q

Percentage of older homeowners lived mortgage free

A

68%

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15
Q

Do more older people live in non-metropolitan or city settings?

A

More older people lived in non-metropolitan than

city settings.

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16
Q

Older people’s homes tend to have a relatively high or low market value?

A

Low market value?

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17
Q

About what percentage of older people’s homes have problems?

A

About ½ of homes have problems (like maintenance; plumbing; kitchen equipment).

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18
Q

How common is home modification now compared to past years?

A

Home modification more common now than ever

before

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19
Q

What percentage live in apartments.

A

About 20% of households headed by older people

live in apartments.

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20
Q

What are characteristics of renting?

A
  • Older women
  • Lower income than homeowners
  • Spend higher proportion of income (more than
    30%) on housing
  • Fewer home modification options
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21
Q

Age-Segregation Vs. Age-Integration

A

Older people live only with people their own age

Vs. Older people live with other age groups

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22
Q

Describe congregate housing within apartments.

A
  • Residents live independently in their own
    apartments.
  • Some meals are shared in a central dining room,
    housekeeping is provided, and staff is on hand to
    organize social and recreational activities.
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23
Q

What are other names of assisted living facilities?

A

These facilities are also called personal care
homes, sheltered care homes, foster care homes,
and community residence facilities.

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24
Q

What’s the middle ground between independent living and nursing home care?

A

Assisted living facilities, board and care homes

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25
Q

What services are offered in assisted living facilities, board and care homes?

A

Offer services such as meals, 24-hour staff
availability, help with personal care (bathing or
dressing), emergency call buttons to summon help,
housekeeping services, and sometimes,
transportation and recreational activities.

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26
Q

What are retirement villages or communities for?

A

built solely for retired people and separate them
from the noise and bustle of life among young
families.

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27
Q

What are the main features of retirement communities?

A

Comfort and friendship are the main features of this

type of living.

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28
Q

While the physical setup and the kinds of services vary

widely, as do the costs, what recreational services are often included?

A

Recreational facilities, such as golf courses and

swimming pools, are often included.

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29
Q

What are the housing types for retirement communities?

A

Housing types may include single family detached

homes, duplexes, townhouses and condominiums.

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30
Q

What do nursing homes provide?

A

Provide medical care and personal care

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31
Q

What are the two levels of care that nursing homes provide?

A

Intermediate and Skilled

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32
Q

What is the Intermediate level of care?

A

Intermediate: If someone is unable to live
independently but does not need consistent,
intensive care, she/he would be placed in
intermediate care.

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33
Q

What is the Skilled level of care?

A

Skilled: If someone needs intensive care but does
not require hospitalization, skilled nursing would be
prescribed.

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34
Q

What’s the main difference from nursing homes to other living options?

A

Strong regulations and more government

enforcement

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35
Q

How much public transportation is available to older people?

A

Not much available
More than ½ older non-drivers (3.6 million people), on any given day, have to stay at home, at least partly due to lack of transportation options

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36
Q

Where is public transportation especially not available for older people?

A

Rural areas

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37
Q

Most towns under ______ people have no intercity bus line.

A

Most towns under 10,000 people have no intercity bus line.

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38
Q

Who are the most people who live in cities who report the need to live near public transport?

A

Low-income people who live alone and have health problems

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39
Q

What does a good public transit systems allow for older people?

A

A good public transit systems allow older people to stay connected to their communities and to engage in activities they enjoy.

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40
Q

What are 3 suggestions to improve public transportation?

A

Increases in federal funding to expand public transportation in rural areas.

Better conditions in regular transportation services (ex: platforms, ramps, clear markings, wider aisles).

Increase funding for special transportation services (ex: paratransit).

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41
Q

What is an alternative public transportation service?

A

Supplemental transportation programs (STPs)

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42
Q

What are Supplemental transportation programs (STPs)?

A

Community-based transportation programs that complement or supplement existing transportation services

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43
Q

What do Supplemental transportation programs (STPs) enable?

A

Enable seniors to get where they need to go.

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44
Q

What kind of people do Supplemental transportation programs (STPs) reach?

A

Reach a hidden population of older people (target the 85+ age group) who have special mobility needs and public transit systems and paratransit are not available.

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45
Q

What do Supplemental transportation programs (STPs) include?

A

Service includes transportation escorts, door-through-door service, and numerous other means of personal support.

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46
Q

T/F Most older people continue to drive?

A

True.

47
Q

How is private transportation different in rural areas?

A

Older people who live in rural and suburban areas must drive to survive.

48
Q

What is the trend toward car use for older people?

A

Trend toward more older drivers and more use of cars by older drivers will continue.

49
Q

What are the first 2 adaptations to restrict the older driver?

A

Some states test older drivers before reissuing licenses.

Some states require vision tests for older drivers.

50
Q

What are the last 2 adaptations to restrict the older driver?

A

A majority of states issue limited licenses for older people with a history of accidents.

California requires that doctors report people with dementia.

51
Q

What is the first Adaptation to support the older driver?

A

AARP supports education for older drivers rather than age-based testing.

- “55 Alive/Mature Driving”
- Offers a course that includes discussions of 	how to adapt to physical changes.
52
Q

What are the last 2 Adaptations to support the older driver?

A

The Federal Highway Administration suggested to improve highways
- Lighting on roads, larger and brighter signs, clearer lines, better signs
Auto engineers created designs that benefit the older driver.

53
Q

How do older people spend most of their leisure time?

A

older people spend most of their leisure

time alone and on sedentary core leisure activities.

54
Q

Core leisure activities

A

Activities that need few resources, have low cost,
and easy access.
- Often home-based

55
Q

Examples of core leisure activities

A

Reading, watching TV, visiting with family, socializing

56
Q

Peripheral leisure activities

A

Activities that require more resources, take place
outside the home, and need more effort to engage
in.

57
Q

Examples of peripheral leisure activities

A

Exercise, sports, outdoor recreation, and travel

58
Q

What are some differing factors in participation in leisure activities?

A

age, gender, and race

59
Q

T/F Core activities gradually increase with age.

A

False: Core activities gradually actually decline with age.

60
Q

Do core activities or peripheral activities show a greater decline with age?

A

Peripheral activities, compared with core activities,

show an even greater decline with age.

61
Q

What is true about younger old people with higher incomes?

A

Younger old people with higher incomes engage in

more peripheral activities

62
Q

Who show the least peripheral activity?

A

Oldest old people show the least peripheral leisure

activity.

63
Q

Who have less leisure time in later life? Men or women?

A

Women have less leisure time in later life than men.

64
Q

What’s a reason women have less leisure time?

A

Women do more of the household tasks than men
and take on the role of caregiver to a spouse or
relative.

65
Q

How do men and women also prefer different activities in

retirement?

A
  • Men prefer sports activities and competition.

- Women prefer dance, craft, and aerobics.

66
Q

How do minority older people report leisure activities?

A

Older minority group members report less

participation in regular leisure-time physical activity.

67
Q

What are barriers to active leisure?

A

Low income; Fear of prejudice; Lack of

experience; cultural difference

68
Q

How do older people have different educational goals than younger people?

A
  • Knowledge, insight, understanding

- Self-discovery

69
Q

What are some barriers to formal education?

A
  • distance; time; materials; interaction
70
Q

What’s the difference between formal and informal education?

A

Formal education is classroom-based, provided by trained
teachers

Formal education is classroom-based, provided by trained
teachers

71
Q

What is social support?

A

Help and assistance we give to and receive from

others.

72
Q

Four common functions of social support

A

Emotional, Tangible, Informational, Companionship

73
Q

Emotional support

A

the offering of empathy, concern, affection, love, trust, intimacy, or encouragement.

74
Q

Tangible support

A

the provision of financial assistance, material goods, or services.

75
Q

Informational support

A

the provision of advice, guidance, suggestions, or useful information.

76
Q

Companionship support

A

the type of support that gives someone a sense of social belonging.

77
Q

Two types of social support for older people

A

 Informal Support (Informal care)

 Formal Support (formal care)

78
Q

Informal Support (Informal care)

A
  • Unpaid help/caregiving given by family, friends,
    and neighbors.
  • Advice, affection, companionship, nursing care,
    help with ADLs.
79
Q

Formal Support (formal care)

A
  • Paid help/caregiving from professional caregivers.
  • Health care, personal services, and social services .
  • People usually turn to the formal support system
    only after the informal support system no longer
    meets their needs
80
Q

Who provides most of the support for older

people?

A

Families provide most of the support for older

people.

81
Q

Almost __% of informal care given to older people

came from family members

A

Almost 80% of informal care given to older people

came from family members

82
Q

How far away are most adult children from their parents?

A

Many adult children live within a short drive of their

parents

83
Q

Who are the most common primary caregivers?

A

Spouses are most common primary caregivers.

84
Q

Almost __% of men and women age 55+ spent time

caring for a spouse

A

Almost 40% of men and women age 55+ spent time

caring for a spouse

85
Q

T/F: Husbands and wives differed in their approach to

caregiving

A

True

86
Q

T/F: Caregiver spouses often feel burdened and

depressed.

A

True

87
Q

Spouses with a husband and wife in an institution still

keep close ties, but report…

A

loneliness and feelings of guilt

88
Q

Mostly who gives secondary care?

A

Adult children.

89
Q

Who mostly does the following?

  • Serve as financial managers.
  • Provide links to formal services.
  • Monitor their parents’ conditions and needs.
  • Give respite to spousal caregivers
A

Adult children.

90
Q

Do adult children continue as informal caregivers even when parents institutionalized?

A

Yes!

91
Q

T/F: Childless older people set up more supportive ties

with their siblings

A

True!

92
Q

Do women or men have the most active sibling ties?

A

Women

93
Q

Older people without families often rely on who?

A

friends and neighbor.

94
Q

Friends and neighbors are what kind of caregivers?

A

Nonkin caregivers

95
Q

Friends and neighbor caregivers provide what? (Don’t have to memorize. Just overview)

A

Provide emotional support and social integration

Prevent isolation and loneliness

Help each other cope with life difficulties and stressful life events.

Close and supportive friendships improve the well-being of older people.

96
Q

Mostly who gives secondary care?

A

Adult children.

97
Q

Who mostly does the following?

  • Serve as financial managers.
  • Provide links to formal services.
  • Monitor their parents’ conditions and needs.
  • Give respite to spousal caregivers
A

Adult children.

98
Q

Do adult children continue as informal caregivers even when parents institutionalized?

A

Yes!

99
Q

T/F: Childless older people set up more supportive ties

with their siblings

A

True!

100
Q

Do women or men have the most active sibling ties?

A

Women

101
Q

Older people without families often rely on who?

A

friends and neighbor.

102
Q

Friends and neighbors are what kind of caregivers?

A

Nonkin caregivers

103
Q

Friends and neighbor caregivers provide what? (Don’t have to memorize. Just overview)

A

Provide emotional support and social integration

Prevent isolation and loneliness

Help each other cope with life difficulties and stressful life events.

Close and supportive friendships improve the well-being of older people.

104
Q

What’s a kind of nonhuman informal supporter?

A

Pets

105
Q

What kind of health benefits to pets provide?

A
  • help people deal with stress, loneliness, and
    bereavement.
  • Increase physical activity
106
Q

Pets provide older people with…

A

companionship, affection, and friendship.

107
Q

T/F: pet ownership increases social contact,
positive interaction with neighbors, and
community involvement.

A

True :P

108
Q

What are the four models of informal support?

A

Task specificity model

Hierarchical compensatory model

Functional specificity of relationships model

Convoy model

109
Q

Task specificity model

A
  • Different groups have different abilities and different
    resources to offer the older person.
  • Each group has a specific role to support the older
    person.
110
Q

Hierarchical compensatory model

A
  • The choice of supporters by the older person follows
    an ordered preference based on the primacy of
    the relationship between the older person and
    supporters
  • Married older people turn to a spouse first, then to a
    child. If older people still have unmet needs, they
    turn to friends, neighbors, and formal supports
111
Q

Functional specificity of relationships model

A
  • The amount and type of support the older person
    will get depends on how particular relationship has
    been negotiated over the life course.
  • Siblings provide a range of social support for certain
    groups, such as single women, the childless, and
    widowed women. But siblings provide little support
    for divorced and married men
112
Q

Convoy model

A
  • People have a dynamic network of close ties with
    family and friends throughout life.
  • Circles are used to describe relationships around
    the older person.
  • The relationships form a convoy that travels with
    individuals throughout life, exchanging social
    support and assistance
  • Younger persons included fewer family members
    and more friends in their networks, and they
    received more support from friends
113
Q

13 (2)

A

13 (2)

Aging in Families (2 decks)

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