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ICM II > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

Are most vocal cord tumors benign or malignant?

A

benign

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2
Q

Is leukoplakia benign or malignant?

A

Normally benign but can have early signs of cancer of cancer may sprout adjacent to it

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3
Q

Are most ENT tumors glottic or supraglottic? Which has a better prognosis? Why?

A

Most are glottic

Glottic have better prognosis b/c there is limited lymphatic drainage

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4
Q

Patient presents with painless, soft mass in the location of the parotid gland. It is unilateral. What is the diagnosis? Benign or malignant?

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

Benign

(can occur in any salivary gland)

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5
Q

Patient presents with bilateral painless, soft masses of the parotid gland. What is the diagnosis? Benign or malignant?

A

Warthin’s Tumor (aka papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum)

Benign

(Can be in any salivary gland)

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6
Q

What is the prognosis of an Adenoid cystic cylindroma? Why?

A

Poor prognosis (malignant)

Perivascular and perineural invasion

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7
Q

What is the appearance of erythroplakia? What is the prognosis?

A
  • Erythroplakia:
    • red spots in the oral cavity
  • Prognosis:
    • high incidence of squamous cell carcinoma
    • need to biopsy
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8
Q

Patient presents with unilateral sinusitis with some bleeding and a bad odor. What is the diagnosis?

A

Nasal/Sinus tumors

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9
Q

Nasal and sinus tumors can result from metastasis from which locations?

A

Breast

Lung

Kidney

Thyroid

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10
Q

Young child presents with an inspiratory stridor with a gradual onset,a barky cough, and horseness. What is the Ddx? What is the difference in risk, and how can they be differentiated?

A
  • Croup
    • Low risk of obstruction
    • Viral cause
    • Steeple sign on CXR
  • Acute Epiglottitis
    • Risk of airway obstruction
    • Bacterial
    • lateral soft tissue x-ray has thumb sign
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11
Q

Patient presents with acute swelling of face and tongue. They are diagnosed with angioneurotic edema. What is the most likely cause?

A

ACE inhibitors: Lisinopril, Ramipril

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12
Q

Where is erythema present in GERD?

A

posterior larynx

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13
Q

What does LeFort I fracture include?

A

Maxilla

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14
Q

What does LeFort II fracture involve?

A

Midface

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15
Q

What does LeFort III fracture include?

A

Midface and nose

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16
Q

What is the classic sign of orbital fractures/ blow-out?

A

Diplopia

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17
Q

What is the classic sign of mandibular fracture?

A

Malocclusion of teeth

Most common fractures: body > angle > condyle

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18
Q

What is the difference between Obstructive Sleep Apnea vs simple snoring?

A

Decreased O2 levels

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19
Q

Which has a higher risk of cancer: Cold or Hot thyroid nodules?

A

Cold

20
Q

What is the characteristic finding of papillary carcinoma? What is the prognosis?

A
  • Finding:
    • Psammoma bodies (Ca accumulation)
  • Prognosis:
    • malignant, but best of malignant
21
Q

MEN (or MEA) syndrome is associated with which type of malignant thyroid cancer? What is the cause?

A

Medullary carcinoma

Cause: familial (genetic)

22
Q

Which malignant thyroid cancer has the worst prognosis?

A

Anaplastic carcinoma

23
Q

What are the malignant thyroid cancers and what is the difference in their prognosis?

A
  1. Papillary carcinoma (Best prognosis)
  2. Follicular carcinoma
  3. Medullary carcinoma
  4. Anaplastic carcinoma (worst)
24
Q

Patient presents with a soft, doughy mass anterior to the ear. What is the diagnosis?

A

First branchial cleft cyst

25
Q

Patient presents with a soft, doughy mass on the neck at the anterior border of the SCM. What is the diagnosis?

A

Second branchial cleft cyst

26
Q

Patient presents with a soft, doughy mass in the midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid. What is the diagnosis?

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst

27
Q

What signs should be present to diagnose acute otitis media (AOM)?

A
  1. Recent onset
  2. Middle ear effusion
    • bulging membrane
    • limited mobility of membrane
  3. Middle ear inflammation
    • erythemia of tympanic membrane
    • otalgia
28
Q

What is the initial treatment of AOM?

A

Observation (if low risk)

Amoxicillin

29
Q

What differentiates Otitis Media with Effusion (OME) from AOM?

A
  1. Effusion does not have purulent characteristics of AOM
  2. TM flat or retracted rather than bulging
  3. Present for weeks or months following resolution of AOM (AOM is abrupt)
30
Q

What type of middle ear infection can be caused by allergies or GERD?

A

Otitis Media with Effusion

31
Q

What is the treatment plan for OME?

A

Generally just treat whatever is contributing to inflammation

(decongestants, antihistamines, ect.)

32
Q

What are the symptoms of Chronic Otitis Media (COM)?

A
  1. Chronic otorrhea
  2. Retracted TM
  3. Cholesteatoma (skin growth onto TM)
  4. Tube otorrhea
33
Q

Where can infection from the adenoids spread?

A

Middle ear

Sphenoid sinus

Ethmoid sinus

34
Q

What is the treatment for recurrent tonsillopharyngitis?

A

Adenotonsillectomy

35
Q

What is the most common predisposing factor for pediatric sinusitis?

A

Viral URI

36
Q

What is the treatment for viral URI lasting more than 7-10 days?

A

Treat for sinusitis

37
Q

What is the second most common predisposing factor for peds sinusitis?

A

Allergic Rhinitis

38
Q

What bug normally colonizes the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients?

A

Pseudomonas

39
Q

Sinonasal polyps are most common in what disease?

A

Cystic fibrosis

40
Q

What are the findings associated with Allergic Fungal Sinusitis? What is the infectious organism?

A
  • Mucin in sinuses and nasal cavities
    • peanut-butter consistency
  • Abundant eosinophils
  • Cause:
    • Aspergillus
41
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Acute Bacterial Sinusitis?

A
  1. Rhinorrhea
    • mucopurulent
    • bilateral
  2. Cough
  3. Nasal congestion
  4. fever
42
Q

What is indicated by CT scan findings of opacification of one sinus?

A

Acute Sinusitis

43
Q

What is indicated by CT scan findings of mucosal thickening of the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses with osteomeatal unit obstruction?

A

Chronic sinusitis

44
Q

What is indicated by CT scan findings of complete opacification of all sinuses, expansion of sinus cavities, thinning of bone, and polyps on the mucosa?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

45
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Chronic Sinusitis?

A
  • At least 2 of the following
    • mucopurulent discharge
    • nasal obstruction
    • facial pain or pressure
  • Inflammation
  • Mucosal thickening on CT
  • History
46
Q

What is the treatment for Chronic Sinusitis?

A
  • Drugs:
    • broad-spectrum beta-lactamase resistant drugs
  • May require surgery
    • adenoidectomy first

ICM II (12 decks)

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