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Biology AS > 2A-cell division and structure > Flashcards

2A-cell division and structure Flashcards

1
Q

cell surface membrane function

A

1-regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell

2-receptor molecules respond to chemicals hormones

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

structure=1-nuclear envelope contains many pores
2-chromosomes made from protein bound DNA
3-chromatin
4-Nucleolus
Function=1-controls transcription of DNA + instructions to make proteins
2-pores allow RNA/substances to move between nucleus and cytoplasm
3-Nucleolus makes ribosomes

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3
Q

Mitochondria

A

structure=1-double membrane with inner folded christae
2-matrix contains emzymes for respiration
Function=1-site of aerobic respiration to produce ATP
2-Abundance in very active cells

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4
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Structure=1-surrounded by double membrane
2-thylakoid membranes stacked to form grana
3-Grana linked by lamellae

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5
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

1-processes and packages new lipids and proteins
2-makes lysosomes
3-makes golgi vesicle

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6
Q

Golgi vesicle

A

1-stores and proteins made by golgi apparatus

2-transports them out of the cell via cell-surface membrane

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7
Q

Lysosomes

A

1-contains lysoszymes that digest invading cells+breaking down worn out cell components
2-cell membrane keeps lysozymes separate from cytoplasm

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8
Q

Ribosome

A

Structure= floats free in cytoplasm or attached to RER
-made of RNA and proteins + surrounded by cell membrane
Function= Protein synthesis occurs

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9
Q

RER

A

folds and processes proteins made at ribosomes

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10
Q

SER

A

synthesises and processes new lipids

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11
Q

cell wall

A

supports cells and prevents it changing shape

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12
Q

Plant cells

A

1-cellulose cell wall with plasmodesmata-channels for exchanging substances between cells
2-vacuole
3-chloroplasts

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13
Q

Plant cells

A

1-cellulose cell wall with plasmodesmata-channels for exchanging substances between cells
2-vacuole
3-chloroplasts
4-starch cells

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14
Q

fungal cells

A

1- chitin cell wall
2-unicellular
3-NO chloroplasts

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15
Q

Epithelial cells structure and function

A

1-Lots of microvilli,increase surface area for absorption
2-lots of mitochondria to produce ATP and provide energy for active transport of molecules
3-

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16
Q

Red blood cells

A

1-No nucleus so more room for Hb
2- capillary shaped easily move through blood
3- strong structural proteins as free floating

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17
Q

sperm cells

A

1- streamlined easily move
2-lots of mitochondria to produce ATP and release energy for movement
3-Enzymes in head to digest though the egg.

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18
Q

tissue

A

group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

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19
Q

Organ

A

group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function

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20
Q

organ system

A

group of organs that work together for a particular function

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21
Q

Prokaryotic cell structure

A

1-Flagellum- rotates to make cell move
2-free floating smaller ribosomes- protein synthesis
3-cell-surface membrane-made of lipids and proteins
4-murein glycoprotein cell wall
5-capsule of secreted slime- protect from immune response
6-plasmids- small loops of DNA that contain genes for antibiotic resistance + passed between prokaryotes
7-free floating circular super-coiled DNA with no associated proteins
8-smaller than eukaryotes
9-no membrane bound organelles
10-smaller ribososmes

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22
Q

How are prokaryotic cells different

A 
1-cytoplasm has no membrane bound organelles 
2-smaller ribosomes 
3-circular supercoilled DNA lies free in cytoplasm with no associated proteins 
4-Murein cell wall
5-capsule of secreted slime 
6-plasmids
7-flagellum
8- Smaller than eukaryotic cells
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23
Q

Prokaryotic cell replication binary fission

A

1-circular DNA replicates once and plasmids replicate variable number of times
2-cell gets bigger and DNA and plasmids move to opposite ends of the pole
3-cytoplasm divides
4-2 daughter cells produced with 1 circular DNA and a variable number of plasmids

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24
Q

Viruses structure

A

1-acellular-nucleic acid surrounded by proteins
2-attachment proteins
3-capsid coat
4-core of circular supercoilled DNA or RNA that isn’t associated with proteins

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25
Q

Viral replication

A

1-virus attaches to Host cell receptor protein due to complementry specific tertiary structure
2-genetic material released into the cell
3-genetic material and proteins replicated by hijacking host cell machinery
4-viral components assemble
5-released from host cell causing cell death

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26
Q

Magnification

A

how much bigger and image is compared to specimen

27
Q

Magnification calculation

A

size of image/ size of real object

28
Q

resolution

A

how well a microscope can distinguish between 2 points that are close together

29
Q

if microscope lens can’t distinguish between 2 points

A

-increasing magnification has no effect

30
Q

optical microscope

A

-use light to from an image

31
Q

optical microscope

A

-use glass to focus light to from an image

32
Q

optical microscope disadvantages

A

1- lower magnifications than EMs
2-Lower resolution than EMs
3-can’t observe specimens smaller than light wavelength
4-preparation may distort specimen

33
Q

TEMs

A
  • focus beam of elections onto specimen using electromagnets
  • denser parts of specimen absorb more electrons so appear darker
34
Q

TEMs

A
  • focus beam of elections onto specimen using electromagnets
  • denser parts of specimen absorb more electrons so appear darker
  • in a vacuum
35
Q

SEMs

A
  • scan a beam of electrons across specimen
  • knocks electrons of specimen which gather at cathode ray tube and produce image
  • in a vacuum
36
Q

TEMs advantages

A

1-give high resolution images- show small

2- higher magnification than optical

37
Q

TEMs disadvantages

A 
1-Vacuum so non living specimens
2-only used on thin specimens 
3-expensive to buy
4-requires training 
5-NO colour
38
Q

SEMs advantages

A

1-used on thick specimens
2-3D specimens and images
3- higher magnification than optical

39
Q

SEMs disadvantages

A

1-vacuum non-living specimens
2-give lower resolution than TEMs
3-expensive to buy
4-requires training

40
Q

Temporary mount

A

-specimen suspended in drop of liquid

41
Q

Preparing specimen with microscope slides

A

1-pipette small drop of water to slide
2-place thin section of specimen on slide
3-add drop of stain
4-add cover slip preventing bubbles appearing

42
Q

Microscope artefacts

A

objects that aren’t part of the specimen and appear due to incorrect preparation

43
Q

How to distinguish artefacts

A

-repeat different methods of preparing a specimen and comparing differences

44
Q

why are artefacts prevalent in EMs

A

-requires lots of preparation

45
Q

cell fractionation steps

A

1-homogenisation-breaking up cells
2-filtration-
3-Ultracentrifugation

46
Q

Homogenisation

A

1-vibrate cells or grinding cells in blender
2-releases organelles into solution
3-Ice cold solution-reduce enzyme activity that break down/hydrolyse organelles
4-isotonic- doesn’t affect WP so osmosis doesn’t damage cells
5-pH buffer-optimum temp for enzymes and proteins to prevent denature

47
Q

Filtration

A

1-filtered through gauze to separate large tissue debris from organelles which are smaller and pass through

48
Q

Ultracentrfugation

A

1-pour in test tube and spin at low speed, heavier organelles gather as pellet and lighter remain in supernatant
2-supernatant drained and spun at higher speed
3-repeated at higher speeds, as lighter organelles gather as pellet

49
Q

ultracentrifugation of organelles heaviest to lightest

A 
Naughty-Nucleus
Clever-chloroplasts
Monkey's-mitochondria
Like-lysosomes
Eating Red- Endoplasmic reticulum 
Raspberries-ribosomes
50
Q

Interphase stages of cell cycle

A

Gap Phase 1
synthesis
gap phase 2

51
Q

Gap phase 1

A

1-cell grows
2-new organelles made
3-new proteins made

52
Q

synthesis

A

1-cell replicates DNA via transcription and translation for mitosis

53
Q

Gap phase 2

A

1-cell keeps growing

2-proteins needed for cell division made

54
Q

Interphase

A

1-cell carries out normal functions
2-Gap phase 1-cell grows, new proteins and organelles made
3-synthesis of DNA-DNA unravelled and replicated doubling genetic content
4-Gap phase 2-proteins for cell division made
5-ATP content increases providing energy for cell division

55
Q

Prophase

A

1-chromosomes condense getting shorter and fatter
2-centrioles move to opposite ends of the pole leaving network of spindle fibres
3-nuclear envelope degraded releasing chromosomes in the cytoplasm

56
Q

Metaphase

A

1-chromosomes line up along the equator

2-centromere of chromosomes attaches to spindle fibre

57
Q

Anaphase

A

1-centromeres divide separating each pair of sister chromatids
2-spindle fibres contract pulling each sister chromatids to opposite ends of the pole centromere first

58
Q

Teleophase

A

1-Chromosomes uncoil and become long and thin chromosomes
2-Nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes
3-cytokineses occurs as cytoplasm splits
4-2 genetically identical daughter cell produced
5-daughter cells enter interphase

59
Q

Rate of mitosis determined by

A

1-cell type

2-environmental conditions

60
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled cell division by mitosis caused by mutations in genes forming a tumour that invades surrounding tissue

61
Q

chemotherapy

A

1-prevent synthesis of enzymes need for DNA replication

2-not produced IN gap phase 1 cant enter interphase 3-cell kills itself

62
Q

Radiation

A

1-damage DNA
2-disrupts synthesis of DNA replication
3-cell kills itself

63
Q

mitotic index

A

number of cells with visible chromosomes / total number of cells observed

64
Q

Do viruses have a cytoplasm

A

No bacteria do

viruses don’t

Biology AS (11 decks)

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