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Biology AS > 2A-cell division and structure > Flashcards

2A-cell division and structure Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

cell surface membrane function

A

1-regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell

2-receptor molecules respond to chemicals hormones

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

structure=1-nuclear envelope contains many pores
2-chromosomes made from protein bound DNA
3-chromatin
4-Nucleolus
Function=1-controls transcription of DNA + instructions to make proteins
2-pores allow RNA/substances to move between nucleus and cytoplasm
3-Nucleolus makes ribosomes

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3
Q

Mitochondria

A

structure=1-double membrane with inner folded christae
2-matrix contains emzymes for respiration
Function=1-site of aerobic respiration to produce ATP
2-Abundance in very active cells

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4
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Structure=1-surrounded by double membrane
2-thylakoid membranes stacked to form grana
3-Grana linked by lamellae

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5
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

1-processes and packages new lipids and proteins
2-makes lysosomes
3-makes golgi vesicle

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6
Q

Golgi vesicle

A

1-stores and proteins made by golgi apparatus

2-transports them out of the cell via cell-surface membrane

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7
Q

Lysosomes

A

1-contains lysoszymes that digest invading cells+breaking down worn out cell components
2-cell membrane keeps lysozymes separate from cytoplasm

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8
Q

Ribosome

A

Structure= floats free in cytoplasm or attached to RER
-made of RNA and proteins + surrounded by cell membrane
Function= Protein synthesis occurs

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9
Q

RER

A

folds and processes proteins made at ribosomes

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10
Q

SER

A

synthesises and processes new lipids

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11
Q

cell wall

A

supports cells and prevents it changing shape

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12
Q

Plant cells

A

1-cellulose cell wall with plasmodesmata-channels for exchanging substances between cells
2-vacuole
3-chloroplasts

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13
Q

Plant cells

A

1-cellulose cell wall with plasmodesmata-channels for exchanging substances between cells
2-vacuole
3-chloroplasts
4-starch cells

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14
Q

fungal cells

A

1- chitin cell wall
2-unicellular
3-NO chloroplasts

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15
Q

Epithelial cells structure and function

A

1-Lots of microvilli,increase surface area for absorption
2-lots of mitochondria to produce ATP and provide energy for active transport of molecules
3-

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16
Q

Red blood cells

A

1-No nucleus so more room for Hb
2- capillary shaped easily move through blood
3- strong structural proteins as free floating

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17
Q

sperm cells

A

1- streamlined easily move
2-lots of mitochondria to produce ATP and release energy for movement
3-Enzymes in head to digest though the egg.

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18
Q

tissue

A

group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

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19
Q

Organ

A

group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function

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20
Q

organ system

A

group of organs that work together for a particular function

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21
Q

Prokaryotic cell structure

A

1-Flagellum- rotates to make cell move
2-free floating smaller ribosomes- protein synthesis
3-cell-surface membrane-made of lipids and proteins
4-murein glycoprotein cell wall
5-capsule of secreted slime- protect from immune response
6-plasmids- small loops of DNA that contain genes for antibiotic resistance + passed between prokaryotes
7-free floating circular super-coiled DNA with no associated proteins
8-smaller than eukaryotes
9-no membrane bound organelles
10-smaller ribososmes

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22
Q

How are prokaryotic cells different

A 
1-cytoplasm has no membrane bound organelles 
2-smaller ribosomes 
3-circular supercoilled DNA lies free in cytoplasm with no associated proteins 
4-Murein cell wall
5-capsule of secreted slime 
6-plasmids
7-flagellum
8- Smaller than eukaryotic cells
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23
Q

Prokaryotic cell replication binary fission

A

1-circular DNA replicates once and plasmids replicate variable number of times
2-cell gets bigger and DNA and plasmids move to opposite ends of the pole
3-cytoplasm divides
4-2 daughter cells produced with 1 circular DNA and a variable number of plasmids

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24
Q

Viruses structure

A

1-acellular-nucleic acid surrounded by proteins
2-attachment proteins
3-capsid coat
4-core of circular supercoilled DNA or RNA that isn’t associated with proteins

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25
Viral replication
1-virus attaches to Host cell receptor protein due to complementry specific tertiary structure 2-genetic material released into the cell 3-genetic material and proteins replicated by hijacking host cell machinery 4-viral components assemble 5-released from host cell causing cell death
26
Magnification
how much bigger and image is compared to specimen
27
Magnification calculation
size of image/ size of real object
28
resolution
how well a microscope can distinguish between 2 points that are close together
29
if microscope lens can't distinguish between 2 points
-increasing magnification has no effect
30
optical microscope
-use light to from an image
31
optical microscope
-use glass to focus light to from an image
32
optical microscope disadvantages
1- lower magnifications than EMs 2-Lower resolution than EMs 3-can't observe specimens smaller than light wavelength 4-preparation may distort specimen
33
TEMs
- focus beam of elections onto specimen using electromagnets - denser parts of specimen absorb more electrons so appear darker
34
TEMs
- focus beam of elections onto specimen using electromagnets - denser parts of specimen absorb more electrons so appear darker - in a vacuum
35
SEMs
- scan a beam of electrons across specimen - knocks electrons of specimen which gather at cathode ray tube and produce image - in a vacuum
36
TEMs advantages
1-give high resolution images- show small | 2- higher magnification than optical
37
TEMs disadvantages
``` 1-Vacuum so non living specimens 2-only used on thin specimens 3-expensive to buy 4-requires training 5-NO colour ```
38
SEMs advantages
1-used on thick specimens 2-3D specimens and images 3- higher magnification than optical
39
SEMs disadvantages
1-vacuum non-living specimens 2-give lower resolution than TEMs 3-expensive to buy 4-requires training
40
Temporary mount
-specimen suspended in drop of liquid
41
Preparing specimen with microscope slides
1-pipette small drop of water to slide 2-place thin section of specimen on slide 3-add drop of stain 4-add cover slip preventing bubbles appearing
42
Microscope artefacts
objects that aren't part of the specimen and appear due to incorrect preparation
43
How to distinguish artefacts
-repeat different methods of preparing a specimen and comparing differences
44
why are artefacts prevalent in EMs
-requires lots of preparation
45
cell fractionation steps
1-homogenisation-breaking up cells 2-filtration- 3-Ultracentrifugation
46
Homogenisation
1-vibrate cells or grinding cells in blender 2-releases organelles into solution 3-Ice cold solution-reduce enzyme activity that break down/hydrolyse organelles 4-isotonic- doesn't affect WP so osmosis doesn't damage cells 5-pH buffer-optimum temp for enzymes and proteins to prevent denature
47
Filtration
1-filtered through gauze to separate large tissue debris from organelles which are smaller and pass through
48
Ultracentrfugation
1-pour in test tube and spin at low speed, heavier organelles gather as pellet and lighter remain in supernatant 2-supernatant drained and spun at higher speed 3-repeated at higher speeds, as lighter organelles gather as pellet
49
ultracentrifugation of organelles heaviest to lightest
``` Naughty-Nucleus Clever-chloroplasts Monkey's-mitochondria Like-lysosomes Eating Red- Endoplasmic reticulum Raspberries-ribosomes ```
50
Interphase stages of cell cycle
Gap Phase 1 synthesis gap phase 2
51
Gap phase 1
1-cell grows 2-new organelles made 3-new proteins made
52
synthesis
1-cell replicates DNA via transcription and translation for mitosis
53
Gap phase 2
1-cell keeps growing | 2-proteins needed for cell division made
54
Interphase
1-cell carries out normal functions 2-Gap phase 1-cell grows, new proteins and organelles made 3-synthesis of DNA-DNA unravelled and replicated doubling genetic content 4-Gap phase 2-proteins for cell division made 5-ATP content increases providing energy for cell division
55
Prophase
1-chromosomes condense getting shorter and fatter 2-centrioles move to opposite ends of the pole leaving network of spindle fibres 3-nuclear envelope degraded releasing chromosomes in the cytoplasm
56
Metaphase
1-chromosomes line up along the equator | 2-centromere of chromosomes attaches to spindle fibre
57
Anaphase
1-centromeres divide separating each pair of sister chromatids 2-spindle fibres contract pulling each sister chromatids to opposite ends of the pole centromere first
58
Teleophase
1-Chromosomes uncoil and become long and thin chromosomes 2-Nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes 3-cytokineses occurs as cytoplasm splits 4-2 genetically identical daughter cell produced 5-daughter cells enter interphase
59
Rate of mitosis determined by
1-cell type | 2-environmental conditions
60
cancer
uncontrolled cell division by mitosis caused by mutations in genes forming a tumour that invades surrounding tissue
61
chemotherapy
1-prevent synthesis of enzymes need for DNA replication | 2-not produced IN gap phase 1 cant enter interphase 3-cell kills itself
62
Radiation
1-damage DNA 2-disrupts synthesis of DNA replication 3-cell kills itself
63
mitotic index
number of cells with visible chromosomes / total number of cells observed
64
Do viruses have a cytoplasm
No bacteria do | viruses don't

Biology AS (11 decks)

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