2a. Global migration is influenced by a multitude of interrelated factors Flashcards
(43 cards)
What is the increased complexity of global migration linked to?
Linked to the intensification of the globalisation process
What has globalisation led to?
Strong bilateral corridors and traditional migration partnerships
+ new places of origin and destinations
Example of inter-regional flows due to changing economic trends x2:
- Migration of highly-skilled workers from China, India and Brazil to the US, including graduates in science maths and technology who are attracted by high salaries and quality of life
- Migration of workers from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan to oil-producing Gulf states and Saudi Arabia – attracted by increased demand for labour, relatively high wages, accommodation and improved transport and communications
Example of intra-regional flows due to changing economic trends x3:
- Rapid increase of international migrant stock among ASEAN member states (6.5 million in 2013): main destinations are those with high economic-socio development such as Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand, and main sources are Myanmar, Lao PDR, and Cambodia whose migrants are low-skilled and undocumented
EG 50.8% of migrants to Thailand in 2013 from Myanmar
EG 42.6% of migrants to Malaysia from Indonesia
EG 45% of migrants to Singapore from Malaysia - Increased migration streams within South America especially to the ‘southern cone’ of Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay: main drivers are disparities in wages and labour opportunities – regional integration has eased immigration through free movement of labour (Andean Community trading blocs)
- Return migration within the EU
EG 93% of Romania’s total migration returned
EG 63% of Poland’s total migration returned
What is ASEAN?
Association of Southeast Asian Nations, is an economic union comprising 10 member states in Southeast Asia, which promotes intergovernmental cooperation and economic growth.
Exampled of an internal flow due to changing economic trends:
- Internal migrant flows within EDCs like India, China, Mexico and Brazil are driven by FDI which has created economic activity near large urban areas
Rural-urban migration
What is the main driver of international migration of young workers?
Economic reasons: greater employment opportunities, higher wages and remittances
In Asia, who is migration dominated by?
In 2013, there was male dominance, and the largest age group was 25-39
EG 8% of Asia’s migrant population were males aged 30-34 and just under 8% was males aged 25-29
In Europe, who is migration dominated by?
In 2013 there was female dominance, and the largest age group was 65+
EG 8% of Europe’s migrant population was females aged 65+, followed by 6% of males aged 65+
Example of young labour driven migration:
Demand for workers in oil-producing countries such as the Middle East, UAE, Qatar and Saudi Arabia
EG Foreign-born residents in UAE have increased from 2.45 million in 2000 to 7.83 million in 2013
Migrant population in Saudi Arabia in 2013:
2.85 million born in India
1.09 million born in Bangladesh
0.95 million born in Pakistan
Many low skilled and not educated beyond primary level: only 3.6% of migrants employed in health and 2.6% in education sectors
What % of all migrants in developed countries were female in 2013?
52%
What % of all migrants in developing countries were female in 2013?
46%
Describe regional migration of women:
Regionally in Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, North America and Oceania female international migration exceeded that of men BUT the opposite was the case for Africa and Asia
What are the reasons for the differences in number of female migrants in different areas?
Due to regulations governing admission and departure of migrants – many are linked to the status of women in these countries
Why has there been a growth in female migrants? X4
- Status
- Freedom
- Independence
- Increased importance as main income earners
Name a country with a higher proportion of female emigrants and %:
Latvia - 60%
What are the main destinations for female migrants and why?
UK, USA and Canada as they have less discrimination in the labour market and women’s rights are respected
Describe the increase in tertiary-educated women migrating:
Between 2000-2010, tertiary educated women migrants increased in OECD countries by 80%
(higher than that of highly-skilled men for African and Latin American countries and India, China and the Philippines)
What flow is greater, south-south or south-north + figures?
Historically greatest flows form South to North but 2010 onwards South-South flows greatest
Describe number of international migrants in the main global corridors
EG 36% of global migrant stock in the South-South corridor
EG 35% of global migrant stock in the South-North corridor
EG 23% of global migrant stock in the North-North corridor
EG 6% of global migrant stock in the North-South corridor
Give 4 reasons for increased South-South migration:
- Number of fast-growing economies in South increasing employment opportunities
- Restrictive administrative barriers for migrants from South attempting to enter North
- Increased awareness of opportunities in the South due to improved communications
- Too expensive to move to distant rich countries (preventative costs)
- Labour migration: two-thirds of migrant remittances sent between countries in the South in 2013
- Increase in refugees fleeing from persecution or conflict eg 2.3 million migrating from Afghanistan to Pakistan
Give some figures on South-South migration:
As of 2015, South-South flows were equal to all other flows combined
As of 2013 the was 82.3mil migrants in South-South = 36% global migrant stock
As of 2013, 2/3 of migrant remittances were in the south
Give an example of two South-South migrations:
- Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast
* Myanmar to Thailand
