2Attachment Through the Life Course

Question 1

a theory designed to explain the significance of the close, emotional bonds that children develop with their caregivers and the implications of those bonds for understanding personality development.

Answer 1

attachment theory

Question 2

Who developed Attachment Theory?

Answer 2

John Bowlby,

Question 3

What are the most rewarding experiences in peoples lives?

Answer 3

development and maintenance of close relationships

Question 4

Who did research with monkeys and surrogate “mothers” (one with metal and one with cloth)?

Answer 4

Harlow’s Research on Contact Comfort

Question 5

a caregiver who provides support, protection, and care. Because human infants, like other mammalian infants, cannot feed or protect themselves, they are dependent upon the care and protection of “older and wiser” adults for survival.

Answer 5

Attachment Figure

Question 6

A motivational system selected over the course of evolution to maintain proximity between a young child and his or her primary attachment figure.

Answer 6

Attachment behavioral system

Question 7

Behaviors and signals that attract the attention of a primary attachment figure and function to prevent separation from that individual or to reestablish proximity to that individual (e.g., crying, clinging).

Answer 7

Attachment behaviors

Question 8

a laboratory task for studying infant-parent attachment

Answer 8

strange situation

Question 9

What is Mary Ainsworth relation to Bowlby?

Answer 9

Colleague

Question 10

Who developed the strange situation?

Answer 10

Ainsworth and her students

Question 11

What Behavior is demonstrated her: they become upset when the parent leaves the room, but, when he or she returns, they actively seek the parent and are easily comforted by him or her.

Answer 11

secure

Question 12

What behavior does this demonstrate: are ill at ease initially and, upon separation, become extremely distressed. Importantly, when reunited with their parents, these children have a difficult time being soothed and often exhibit conflicting behaviors that suggest they want to be comforted, but that they also want to “punish” the parent for leaving.

Answer 12

anxious-resistant

Question 13

What behavior does this demonstrate: do not consistently behave as if they are stressed by the separation but, upon reunion, actively avoid seeking contact with their parent, sometimes turning their attention to play objects on the laboratory floor.

Answer 13

avoidant

Question 14

What percentage of children in Ainsworth study showed secure behavior?

Answer 14

60%

Question 15

What percentage of children in Ainsworth experiment showed anxious-resistant?

Answer 15

20%

Question 16

What percentage of children in Ainworth’s experiment showed avoidant behavior?

Answer 16

20%

Question 17

Three reasons why Ainsworth’s work was important?

Answer 17

1- she provided one of the first empirical demonstrations of how attachment behavior is organized in unfamiliar contexts

2-provided the first empirical taxonomy of individual differences in infant attachment patterns.

3-demonstrated that these individual differences were correlated with infant–parent interactions in the home during the first year of life.

Question 18

Who did a study in 54 families, up to 3 times during the first year of the child’s life?

Answer 18

Grossman, Grossman, Spangler, Suess, and Unzner

Question 19

What did Grossman and her colleagues find?

Answer 19

children who were classified as secure in the strange situation at 12 months of age were more likely than children classified as insecure to have mothers who provided responsive care to their children in the home environment.

Question 20

Who developed and intervention that was designed to enhance maternal sensitive responsiveness?

Answer 20

Van den Boom

Question 21

In Van den Boom’s intervention what was done?

Answer 21

When the infants were 9 months of age, the mothers in the intervention group were rated as more responsive and attentive in their interaction with their infants compared to mothers in the control group.

Question 22

What was the results in Van den Boom’s intervention?

Answer 22

in the Intervention group their infants were rated as more sociable, self-soothing, and more likely to explore the environment.

Question 23

_____ (also called “attachment styles” or “attachment orientations”) Individual differences in how securely (vs. insecurely) people think, feel, and behave in attachment relationships.
.

Answer 23

Attachment patterns

Question 24

_____ (1987) were two of the first researchers to explore Bowlby’s ideas in the context of romantic relationships.

Answer 24

Hazan and Shaver

Question 25

I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others; I find it difficult to trust them completely, difficult to allow myself to depend on them. I am nervous when anyone gets too close, and often, others want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being.

Answer 25

avoidant

Question 26

I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don’t worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me.

Answer 26

Secure

Question 27

I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I often worry that my partner doesn’t really love me or won’t want to stay with me. I want to get very close to my partner, and this sometimes scares people away.

Answer 27

anxious-resistant