2b) Genetic makeup of bacteria and their classification

Question 1

is the subfield of genetics devoted to the study of bacteria.

Answer 1

Bacterial genetics

Question 2

Bacteria serve as a good model for

Answer 2

animal genetic studies.

Question 3

fundamental unit of heredity responsible for a given trait and control only one character.

Answer 3

Gene

Question 4

Each gene codes for (……..) and hence specific function.

Answer 4

certain protein

Question 5

The total genetic information essential for growth and metabolism of the cell is called the …….

Answer 5

genome

Question 6

A cells genome is organized into …..

تنظم جينوم الخلايا في …

Answer 6

chromosomes

Question 7

Most bacteria have a ……

Answer 7

single circular chromosome

Question 8

length of DNA containing genes ……

Answer 8

Chromosome

Question 9

the set of genes carried by an organism represented by the cell …

Hereditable characters^

Answer 9

Genotype

Question 10

(non-hereditable) Biological characters expressed under certain environmental conditions

Answer 10

Phenotype

Question 11

Genes that confer a survival advantage e.g.

Answer 11

antibiotic resistance genes

Question 12

antibiotic resistance genes are contained in

Answer 12

plasmids

Question 13

(small circular DNA that replicates independently).

Answer 13

plasmids

Question 14

Plasmid genes are not essential for the normal functioning of …..❤️

Finish page 1

Answer 14

bacterial cells

Question 15

a single copy, circular, double strand, up to 4,639,2214,377 bp.

Answer 15

Chromosome

Question 16

Extra-chromosomal, small (1000 to over 400000 bp), transmitted between
bacteria.

Answer 16

Plasmids

Question 17

Same as plasmid but can integrate into chromosomal DNA.

Answer 17

Episomes

Question 18

Transposable genetic elements that carry one or more genes (genes for enzyme, virulence , resistance)

Answer 18

Transposons (Tn)

Question 19

Transposable genetic elements that carry no known genes.

Answer 19

Insertion Sequences (IS)

Question 20

Bacterial genetic elements 5 ?

❤️

ممكن مقالي

Finish 2 page

Answer 20

Chromosome

Plasmids

Episomes

Transposons (Tn)

Insertion Sequences (IS)

Question 21

deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 21

DNA

Question 22

the genetic material of the cell

Answer 22

DNA

Question 23

Structure of DNA = ❤️

Finish page 3
ممكن مقالي

Answer 23

1) double-stranded helix
2) composed of repeating units of nucleotides
3) each strand consists of a (sugar-phosphate backbone) attached with (nitrogenous bases) (A, T, C and G);
4) two strands are joined together with complementary base pairs formed between

A-T
and
C-G.

Question 24

one parental DNA gives rise to two identical copies of (daughter DNAs )……

Answer 24

DNA replication

Question 25

is the key enzyme for DNA replication

Answer 25

DNA polymerase

Question 26

it has a high proof-reading capability, to make sure daughter DNAs are highly accurate copy of parental DNA

Answer 26

DNA polymerase

Question 27

the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template.

Answer 27

Transcription

Question 28

called messenger RNA, or mRNA

Answer 28

RNA

Question 29

carries the coded information for making a protein

Answer 29

mRNA

Question 30

is the key enzyme

Answer 30

RNA polymerase

Question 31

RNA polymerase it uses ……… RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to a specific site of DNA called ( "promoter" )

Answer 31

(a) it uses a portion of DNA as a template | (b) it recognizes and binds to a specific site of DNA called "promoter" to start transcription.

Question 32

protein synthesis (genetic information being translated into a protein molecule).

Answer 32

Translation

Question 33

During translation …

Answer 33

a ribosome moves along an mRNA molecule

Question 34

molecules are the actual translators

Answer 34

tRNA

Question 35

they read the genetic code in mRNA and move in a specific amino acid molecule.

Answer 35

tRNA

Question 36

Flow of Genetic Information = Finish page 4❤️

Answer 36

DNA replication DNA polymerase Transcription RNA polymerase Translation tRNA

Question 37

Phenotypic Variation ممكن مقالي اذكر خواص الاختلاف المظهري

Answer 37

1) non genetic 2) non hereditable 3) not transmitted from one generation to the other and 4)is controlled by environmental conditions.

Question 38

Genotypic Variation

Answer 38

1) genetic ``` 2) transmitted from one generation to another and 3) is not controlled by environmental conditions (permanent). ```

Question 39

Types of Microbial Variation and example for each other ?

Answer 39

- Phenotypic Variation 1) Serratia marscenes 2) Salmonella genotype - Genotypic Variation 1) Transfer of DNA 2) Mutation

Question 40

Serratia marscenes produce pigment at … but no pigment at

Answer 40

22 C 37

Question 41

Salmonella genotype flagella+ loose its flagella …… flagella- has

Answer 41

in phenol no flagella in presence or absence of phenol

Question 42

Transfer of DNA = يحصل فيه

Answer 42

A- Transformation B- Transduction C- Conjugation

Question 43

Mutation Finish 5 page ❤️❤️

Answer 43

A- Induced B- Spontaneous Point (substitution) Frame (deletion or addition)

Question 44

How do bacteria exchange genetic materials to achieve genetic diversity? احتمال كبير انه مقالي لانه جاء بسؤاله

Answer 44

1. Genetic recombination | 2. Mutations

Question 45

What do Genetic recombination?

Answer 45

a. Conjugation b. Transduction c. Transformation

Question 46

What do Mutations ? Finish page 6❤️

Answer 46

a. Substitution b. Insertion c. Deletion زي وضع حقين الواسطة

Question 47

exchange of genes between two chromosomes

Answer 47

Genetic recombination

Question 48

transfer of DNA from one chromosomal location to another, or from one cell (donor cell) to another cell (recipient cell)

Answer 48

Gene transfer

Question 49

transfer of naked DNA molecule

Answer 49

Transformation

Question 50

gene transfer through the sex pili

Answer 50

Conjugation

Question 51

virus or phage-mediated gene transfer الفيروس او نقل الجينات بواسطة الملتهمة Finish page 7❤️

Answer 51

Transduction

Question 52

uptake of free DNA from the environment when another bacterial cell (donor) dies and undergoes lysis (.......) Example ………

Answer 52

Transformation e.g. Haemophilus, Streptococcus and Neisseria

Question 53

transfer of host genes from one host to another by a virus

Answer 53

Transduction

Question 54

transfer of genes from one prokaryotic cell to another by mechanism involving cell-to-cell contact and a plasmid. Finish page 8

Answer 54

Conjugation

Question 55

-Each triplet base in the mRNA is called …

Answer 55

codon

Question 56

…Since there are 4 possible bases in the mRNA ‏there are (……) possible codons

Answer 56

(ACGU) 4^3 Or 64

Question 57

64-3 = 61 Sixty one of these codons are called

Answer 57

sense- codons (code for specific amino acids).

Question 58

64-61 =3 Three of the codons are nonsense codons (UAA, UGA, UAG) يعني i.e.: they have no complementary anticodons.

Answer 58

nonsense codons (UAA, UGA, UAG)

Question 59

The nonsense codons terminate the protein synthesis acting as ……

Answer 59

‏ Full stop

Question 60

The specific sequence of codons is called …… and It is universal in all living beings. Finish page 10 ❤️

Answer 60

genetic code