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2cd Exam Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Carbon always has how many bonds total

A

Four

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2
Q

Carbon can receive and donate

A

Electrons

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3
Q

Alkanes

A

Completely saturated with hydrogens, single bond

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4
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Hydrogen and carbon, saturation of hydrocarbons refers with only single bonds between carbons and are saturated with hydrogen

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5
Q

Alkenes

A

Have a set of carbons with a double bond and are NOT saturated w carbon

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6
Q

Alkynes

A

Have at least one set of triple bonds are NOT saturated with carbon

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7
Q

Aromatic rings

A

Six carbons with alternating double bonds one hydrogen, base ring with hydrogen only called a benzene

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8
Q

Substitutions in places of the hydrogen atoms with…

A

Hydroxyl groups (OH) constitutes alcohol

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9
Q

Alkanes name methane

A

Methanol had 1 carbon atom

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10
Q

Alkanes name ethane

A

Ethanol 2 carbon atoms

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11
Q

Alkanes name propane

A

Propanol has 3 Carbon atoms

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12
Q

Alkanes name butane

A

Butane 4 carbon atoms

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13
Q

Isomer

A

Same molecular formula but different chemical structure: same number of atoms but different arrangement, especially true of organic

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14
Q

Two types of isomers

A

Structural and stereoisomers

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15
Q

Chiral

A

4 different groups attached

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16
Q

Single bonds between carbons allow rotation along axis

A

Trans opposite side

Cis is same side

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17
Q

Animals fats

A

Cis isomers naturally
Solid at room temp
Unsaturated = cis

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18
Q

Vegetable oils

A

Some trans form

Liquid room temp

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19
Q

Carbonyl groups in aldehydes and ketones

A

Are oxygen atoms attached to carbon atoms w a double bond

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20
Q

L isomers of amino acids and D isomers of sugars

A

Are the only ones animals can utilize and form glucose

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21
Q

Enzymes convert acetaldehyde into

A

Acetic acid or it’s ionized salt form acetate

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22
Q

Amines

A

Organic derivatives of ammonia (NH3), substituting one or more hydrogens with an akyl (R) group or an aromatic group

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23
Q

Primary amine

A

One R group

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24
Q

Secondary amine class

A

Two r groups

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25
Tertiary amine group
Three r groups
26
Ammonia mixed with water
Steal hydrogen from water forming an ammonium action and hydroxide anion. Mixed w acid ammonia will Take a hydrogen and form a SALT with acid anion. Ammonia acts like a base
27
Most important quaternary amine in body
Choline
28
One of Most important neurotransmitter in body
Acetylcholine
29
What breaks up Esther bonds
Hydrolysis
30
Tyr
Tyrosine and it's neurotransmitter is Epinephrine
31
Trp
Tryptophan and it's neurotransmitter is serotonin
32
His
Histidine and it's neurotransmitter is histamine
33
Nearly every carbohydrate
Every carbon has one hydrogen and one hydroxyl on two of the bonds, exception one carbon will Be part of hydroxyl group
34
Carbohydrate functions
Source of fuel, synthesis of cellular components, storage, make glycoproteins and nucleus acids
35
Simple oxidation
Incomplete and inefficient
36
Biological oxidation.
Complete oxidation and more efficient
37
Smallest and simplest carbohydrate
Three carbon glyceraldehyde | The second carbon is chiral
38
Most carbohydrates are at least
5 or more typically 6 carbons long.
39
Chiral carbon
Second to the last
40
Monosaccharides
One sugar
41
D ribose
Pentose
42
D glucose
Hexose
43
D galactose
Hexose
44
D fructose
Hexose
45
Most stable form of these 5 and 6 carbon monosaccharides are
Cyclic
46
Disaccharides and 3 significant
Monosaccharides bonded by oxygen | Sucrose, lactose, maltose
47
Starch
Polymer consisting entirely of D glucose units.
48
Amylose
Starch made up | Of long unbranched chains of D glucose
49
Glycogen
Animal form of polymerized D glucose
50
Most abundant polysaccharide in nature and most important structural polysaccharide in plant kingdom
Cellulose
51
Complex carbohydrates
Longer and more branched and have a slower rate of digestion and absorption of glucose from the intestine Of vegetables function as slow sugars
52
Fatty acids
Donate hydrogen in aqueous solutions | Carboxylic acid ionized group at one end and a zig zag line representing carbons
53
Micelles
Formed from small droplets of oil mix w water | Phospholipid enclosed in water
54
Free fatty acids are usually | In the form
Of salts with cations at physiological pH
55
Fatty acids characteristics
Carbons and hydrogen only attach to carboxylic group, come in pairs usually 10-20 carbons in length, even number
56
Alpha carbon
First carbon after the carboxylic acid carbon
57
Beta carbon is
the carbon age alpha, where oxidation of the fatty acid occurs
58
Omega carbon
LAST carbon
59
Fatty acids chains can be
Saturated and unsaturated
60
Essential fatty acids
Body needs them and can not make them
61
2 essential fatty acids
``` Linolenic acid (omega 6) Linolenic acid (omega 3) ```
62
Double bonds cause what In chains of fatty acids
Kinks, which keep fatty acids from packing together too tightly
63
Triglycerides
Most common storage form of fatty acids They will not form micelles alone because they have no polar ends unlike free fatty acids They will not mix with water alone
64
Esterification
Process of linking an acid to an alcohol which yields a water molecule Reverse process hydrolysis
65
Phospholipids
Diverse group of functional and structural lipids
66
To identify a phospholipid
Hydrophilic/ polar head and two hydrophobic tails (fatty acid chains) one with a kink
67
Steroids are
Usually grouped with lipids and are NOT fatty acids or triglycerides Cyclic acids Soluble in lipids, limited solubility 17 carbons in 4 rings
68
Lipid bi layer
Cell membrane and structural backbone
69
Arachidonic acid
20 carbon fatty acid that is converted by an enzyme called COX
70
Arachidonic acid converted by COX into
Prostaglandin
71
Amino acids
Proteins composed of chains or polymers of amino acids bonded together 20 different common Found
72
Cysteine
An amino acid that contains a sulfydryl group to form a disulfide bond
73
Which kind of bond is formed between two sulfur atoms
Covalent
74
Linking of amino acids
Peptide bonds, water is given off as the bond is formed
75
Polarized portions of amino acids are attracted
To those of opposite polarity
76
Functions of proteins
Catalytic, structural, storage, protective, regulation, nerve impulses, movement, transport, energy
77
Primary structure of protein
A chain of amino acids, specific ones, order, length
78
When proteins are exposed and o chemical or physical conditions that disrupt protein structure
Denaturation
79
Four levels of protein structure
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
80
Chemical that facilitates and speeds up chemical reaction without being consumed by reaction
Catalyst
81
Protein structures the increase chemical reactions in the body which allow life to exist
Enzymes
82
Oxidoreductases
Oxidation reduction reactions
83
Transferases
Transfer functional groups
84
Lyases
Formation or removal of a double bond w group transfer
85
Isomerases
Convert molecule from one isomer to another
86
Ligases
Formation of new bonds, joining groups with ATP usage
87
Cofactors
Assist enzymes are non protein sometimes non organic and even ionic
88
Coenzymes
Assist enzymes and are | Organic
89
Binding of the substrate to the enzyme site is by
Hydrophobic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and or ionic bonding
90
Lock and key model
Key is for substrate and lock is for enzyme
91
Allosteric regulation
Feedback loop, amount of final product will | Influence the degree of inhibition
92
Genetic control
Protein production including enzymes is under control | Of genetic material
93
Enzymes reside
Inside cells and are released only | In quantity when cells are damaged or die
94
Enzyme alkaline phosphatase
Organ of pathology liver or bone
95
Enzyme amylase
Organ of pathology pancreas
96
Enzyme CPK
Organ of pathology heart
97
Enzyme AST
Organ of pathology Liver and or heart
98
Enzyme ALT
Organ of pathology liver
99
Enzyme LDH
Organ of pathology heart and or liver
100
Enzyme lipase
Organ of pathology pancreas
101
Enzyme lysozyme
Organ of pathology unique to leukemia
102
Someone overdoes with Tylenol would injury liver, what enzymes should be monitored
AST AND ALT levels and repeated over time would show recovery or worsening of liver
103
Methanal
Formaldehyde | 2 carbons
104
Ethanal
Acetaldehyde 2 carbons
105
Propane
Acetone Ketone 3 carbon
106
Butanone
Methyl ethyl ketone Ketone 3 carbon

Chemistry (5 decks)

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