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Question 1

REPAIR OF TUBULAR BONE

Answer 1

1. Stage of haematoma
2. Stage of subperiosteal and endosteal cellular proliferation
3. Stage of callus
4. Stage of consolidation
5. Remodelling.

Question 2

There are three clinical tests of union

Answer 2

1-Absence of mobility between the fragments
2-Absence of tenderness on firm palpation over the site of
fracture
3-Absence of pain when angulations stress is applied at the
site of fracture.

Question 3

Radiological criteria of union

Answer 3

1-Visible callus bridging the fracture and blending with both fragments
2-Continuity of bone trabeculae across the fracture

Question 4

Fractures may be subdivided, according to their etiology into four groups:

Answer 4

1. Fractures caused by sudden injury
2. Fragility fractures.
3. Fatigue or stress fractures
4. Pathological fractures

Question 5

TREATMENT OF UNCOMPLICATED CLOSED FRACTURES
The three fundamental principles of fracture treatment are:

Answer 5

A- REDUCTION
B- IMMOBILIZATION
C- PRESERVATION OF FUNCTION

Question 6

Methods of reduction

Answer 6

• By closed manipulation
• By mechanical traction
• By open operation

Question 7

METHODS OF IMMOBILISATION

Answer 7

• Plaster of Paris cast or another external splint
• Continuous traction
• External fixation
• Internal fixation

Question 8

Methods of internal fixation

Answer 8

1-Metal plate held by screws or locking plate (with screws fixed to the plate by threaded holes)
2-Intramedullary nail, with or without cross-screw fixation for locking
3-Dynamic compression screw-plate
4-Condylar screw-plate
5-Tension band wiring
6-Transfixion screws.

Question 9

Examination of patient with fatigue fracture revealed that

Answer 9

1) Well-marked local tenderness over the affected bone.
(2) Swelling.
(3) Local thickening, over the site of fracture.

Question 10

Open reduction may also be required for :

Answer 10

1- Fractures involving articular surfaces
2- Fracture is complicated by damage to a nerve or artery.

Question 11

INDICATIONS FOR IMMOBILISATION

Answer 11

1-To prevent displacement or angulations of the fragments
2-To relieve pain.
3-To prevent movement that might interfere with union

Question 12

There are three fractures that need immobilization to ensure their union

Answer 12

scaphoid bone
the shaft of the ulna
and the neck of the femur.

Question 13

fractures that heal well without immobilization

Answer 13

clavicle
scapula
stable fractures of the pelvic ring

Question 14

Cast bracing (functional bracing)

Answer 14

A brace has come to be understood as a supportive device that allows continued function of the part.

Functional bracing is used mainly for fractures of the shaft of the femur or tibia.
often about 5 or 6 weeks after the injury.

Question 15

usually combined with some
form of splintage to give support like Thomas’s splint

Answer 15

Sustained traction

Question 16

Immobilization by sustained traction using in

Answer 16

shaft of the femur
fractures of the shaft of the tibia
distal shaft of the humerus

Question 17

A more specialized configuration of external fixation is

Answer 17

the circular or llizarov frame

Question 18

exercises must be directed mainly to the preservation of muscle function by

Answer 18

static contractions

Question 19

Continuous passive motion (CPM)

Answer 19

It is a machines that provide continuous To-and-Fro movement at a joint without any effort on the part of the patient.

Question 20

An injured limb that is kept immobile and disused for a long period tends to suffer

Answer 20

Edema,
wasting of the muscles
stiffness of the joints prolonged or even permanent impairment of function.

Question 21

TREATMENT OF OPEN FRACTURES

Answer 21

clean the wound

If the fracture is unstable and unsuitable for treatment by traction or by simple splintage alone, external fixation

Question 22

TREATMENT OF OPEN FRACTURES by operation

Answer 22

REMOVE Margin of necrotic tissue

After excision, cleansing and removal of
loose bone fragments.

or by skin grafting.