2nd ASSESSMENT Flashcards by JUNALIZA ARANGCON

Animal starch

glucose or glycogen ?

glycogen

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o SIMPLEST SUGAR
o building blocks of carbohydrates
o cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler

monosaccha

3-7 Carbon Atom

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Source: hydrolysis of lactose
Synthesized in mammary gland for synthesis of lactose in milk
Constituent of glycolipids and glycoprotein
Medical: CATARACTS

fructose or galactose ?

Galactose

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depends on aldehyde (hemiACETAL) or ketone group (hemiKETAL)

acyclic or cylcic

acyclic forms

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 basis for urine test of glucose

Aldose (hemiACETAL)

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	Pyranose
o	with Pyran ring (six-carbon ring)
o	Glucose (99% pyranose)
	Furanose
o	with Furan ring (five-carbon ring)

cyclic forms

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• constituent of hyaluronic acid

o D-glucosamine

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• constituent of chondroitin

o D-galactosamine (chondrosamine)

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 Glucose + glucose
 Source:
• Hydrolysis of starch (amylase)
• Germinating cereals and malt

maltose or lactose ?

maltose

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• glucose and fructose
• source:
o cane, beet sugar, sorghum, fruits and veges

maltose or sucrose ?

sucrose

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 source:
• yeasts and fungi
• main sugar of insect

aldose or trehalose

trehalose

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• In exoskeleton of crustaceans, insects, and mushrooms.

chitin

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o Keto group in position 2

glucose or fructose ?

fructose

glucose: o Aldehyde at position 1

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o Same molecular formula, but are different compounds

isomer or optical ?

isomer

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(asymmetric carbon)
 carbon is attached to four (4) different types of atoms

chiral or achiral ?

chiral

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(asymmetric carbon)
 carbon is attached to four (4) different types of atoms

chiral or achiral ?

achiral

only GLYCINE!

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 most oxidized Carbon

anomeric or isomeric ?

ANOMERIC CARBON

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 mirror images of each other
 example: D- and L- configurations of a sugar

enantiomer or aldehyde ?

enantiomer

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 Cyclic epimers at C-1 if it’s an aldose
 C-2 if ketose

carbon or anomer?

anomers

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intermediate in the uronic acid pathway

L-gulonate

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the entire complement of sugars

glycome

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fruits

- polymer of galacturonic acid

pectin

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 glycoprotein of human erythrocytes

glycophorin

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o Attach α-amino group to α-carbonyl group of PROTEIN

Peptide bond (trans configuration)

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 folding of short (3-30) amino acid residues  Stabilized by excessive hydrogen bonding PRIMARY or SECONDARY LEVEL OF AA

SECONDARY •Alpha-helix R -handed spiral H Bond: Parallel to helix •Beta-pleated sheets  H Bond: Perpendicular sheet

Secondary helix example: •Keratin, Hemoglobin alpha or beta ?

alpha

Secondary helix example: • Amyloid (Alzheimers) Immunoglobulins

beta

what are the aliphatic nonpolar side chain?

GAVIL ``` Glycine Alanine Valine Isoleucine Leucine ```

o Only amino acid with an achiral carbon o Used in purine synthesis and first step of heme synthesis: Glycine + Succinyl CoA  D-ALA o Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the SPINAL COR GAVIL

GLYCINE

metabolites accumulate in MSUD (Maple Syrup Urine Disease)

VIL VALINE, iSOLEUCINE, LEUCINE

o No charge (a weak base) o Used in the diagnosis of Folic Acid Deficiency • Increase N-formiminoglutamate (FIGU) Excretion Rate in URINE Basic "HAL" acceptor

Histidine

o Precursor of Urea, Creatinine and Nitric Oxide o Made in the body. Basic "HAL" acceptor

arginine

 the 21st amino acid |  An L-α amino acid found in proteins

Selenocysteine

o a total net charge of Zero | o Predominates pH at Isoelectric pH or Isoelectric Point (AA is uncharged)

Zwitterion Molecule

essential AA | PVT TIM HALL

- Phenylalanine, Valine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine

- Conditional essential AA

Arginine and Histidine

o Largest aromatic o Precursor for Niacin, Serotonin and Melatonin AROMATIC HPTT

TRYPTOPHAN (W)

The only nonpolar imino group

proline -Contributes to fibrous structure of collagen

* Precursor of Homocysteine * Transfer of methyl groups as SAM -SH CM group

methionine

 Hydrophobic; lipophilic ; Fat-soluble vitamins Soluble in ESTHER and CHLOROFORM Lipids or urea ?

lipids

 Hydrophobic; lipophilic ; Fat-solunle vitamins Soluble in ESTHER and CHLOROFORM -o choline nitrogen-containing base lipid or phospholipid ?

phospholipid

fatty acids + sphingosine + carbohydrate lipid or glycolipid ?

glycolipid

 ALIPHATIC CARBOXYLIC ACIDS - esterified in oil/wax - unesterified in blood fatty acid or amino acid

fatty acid | even carbon atom "16-20"

 More hydrogen atoms, higher is its melting point  SOFT SOLID at RT saturated or unsaturated

SATURATED (BAD FAT) “palmitic acid" temperature: low: zigzag high: rotate

the first member of the SATURATED (BAD FAT)

acetic acid

 More double bond, lower melting point saturated or unsated ?

unsaturated "elaidic acid"

a cis-bond that:  “bent” 120° at the double bond  V-shaped oleidic or arachidonic

oleidic acid

o 4 double bond bent in U shape oleidic or arachidonic

arachidonic acid

o found in margarine “artificial butter” linoleic acid or trans-linoleic acid ?

 Trans-linoleic acid / trans-fatty acid

(found in vegetable oil) linoleic acid or oleic acid

linoleic acid "polyunsaturated"

causes bronchoconstriction / asthma leukotrienes or lipoxins ?

leukotrienes

- anti-inflammatory for chronic disease, CVD as well as for cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer disease.

Omega-3 Fatty Acid

o precursor of Steroids cholesterol or trigly?

cholesterol

- Friedrich Meischer (1868) | - Allows transfer of genetic information (stored in nitrogenous base) form one generation to the next.

NUCLEIC ACID

o Basic Unit of Nucleic Acids o sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group AMINE or NUCLEOTIDE

NUCLEOTIDE

sugar attaches to the N-9 (purine) of base SYN OR ANTI?

SYN

sugar attaches to the N-3 of base SYN OR ANTI ?

ANTI

o Are nitrogen-containing heterocycles

PURINE (Bicycle) AND PYRIMIDINE (mono)

a member of vitamin B-complex thymine or thiamine

thiamine

- isomeric molecules that differ in structural formula but with same chemical formula Tautomers or Camp

Tautomers

o primary PO4 acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation, cellular respiration and muscle contraction

adp

- primary methyl donor of the body in virtually all known biological methylations - Plays an important role in Detoxification - Breaks down to Homocysteine

S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM)

2nd ASSESSMENT Flashcards

(62 cards)