2nd Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Axial skeleton
A
Includes skull
2
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
Comprises limbs and their girdles.
3
Q
Heterotopic skeleton
A
Includes bones like os penis in dogs.
4
Q
Long bones
A
Found in limbs; e.g.
5
Q
Short bones
A
Cuboidal; e.g.
6
Q
Irregular bones
A
Median
7
Q
Flat bones
A
Thin
8
Q
Sesamoid bones
A
Embedded in tendons; e.g.
9
Q
Fibrous joint
A
Little movement; e.g.
10
Q
Cartilaginous joint
A
Limited movement; e.g.
11
Q
Synovial joint
A
Facilitates mobility; e.g.
12
Q
Ball and Socket joint
A
Allows multi-directional movement; e.g.
13
Q
Hinge joint
A
Allows flexion and extension; e.g.
14
Q
Trochoid joint
A
Allows rotational movement; e.g.
15
Q
Ellipsoidal joint
A
Allows flexion
16
Q
Condylar joint
A
Permits movement in two planes; e.g.
17
Q
Saddle joint
A
Allows movement in two planes; e.g.
18
Q
Gliding joint
A
Allows sliding movements; e.g.
19
Q
Pelvic girdle
A
Composed of hip bones (os coxae).
20
Q
Femur
A
Thigh bone; longest bone in body.
21
Q
Tibia
A
Shin bone; larger of the two leg bones.
22
Q
Fibula
A
Slender bone parallel to tibia.
23
Q
Hip bone components
A
Fusion of ilium
24
Q
Amphiarthrosis
A
A joint allowing limited movement
25
Os Coxae
The hip bone forming the pelvic cavity borders.
26
Ilium
The uppermost part of the hip bone
27
Tuber Coxae
Also known as hook bone
28
Ischium
The lower part of the hip bone
29
Tuber Ischiadicum
Also called pin bone
30
Biceps femoris
A muscle in the posterior thigh.
31
Semitendinosus
A muscle located in the back of the thigh.
32
Semimembranosus
A muscle that assists in thigh extension.
33
Pubis
Ventral bone part of the pelvis.
34
Iliopubic eminence
Origin point for the Pectineus muscle.
35
Pecten
Insertion point for Rectus abdominis tendon.
36
Acetabular bone
Fuses with os coxae after three months.
37
Acetabulum
Socket for femur head in the pelvis.
38
Acetabular fossa
Non-articular surface for femur ligament attachment.
39
Acetabular notch
Incomplete closure of acetabulum
40
Obturator foramen
Opening bounded by internal and external obturator.
41
Internal obturator
Muscle not passing through obturator foramen.
42
Femur
Largest bone in the body
43
Fovea capitis femoris
Non-articular surface for ligament attachment.
44
Greater trochanter
Lateral projection for gluteus muscle insertion.
45
Lesser trochanter
Medial projection for Iliopsoas muscle insertion.
46
Third trochanter
Small lateral projection for superficial gluteus.
47
Intertrochanteric crest
Connects greater and lesser tubercles.
48
Trochanteric fossa
Fossa for obturator and gemelli muscle insertion.
49
Tibia
Shin bone
50
Tibial tuberosity
Insertion point for patellar ligament.
51
Fibula
Lateral bone of the lower leg.
52
Tarsal bones
Seven bones forming the hock joint.
53
Talus
Proximal bone articulating with the tibia.
54
Calcaneus
Bone articulating with the fibula.
55
Metatarsal bones
Typically four bones in the foot.
56
Phalanges
Toe bones
57
Sesamoid bones
Bones embedded in tendons to reduce friction.
58
Patella
Largest sesamoid bone
59
Fabellae
Two sesamoid bones near gastrocnemius tendon.
60
Sacroiliac joint
Joint between sacrum and ilium.
61
Hip joint
Joint formed by acetabulum and femur head.
62
Stifle joint
Joint between femur
63
Femur
Thigh bone connecting to the pelvis.
64
Patella
Kneecap
65
Femorotibial joint
Joint between femoral and tibial condyles.
66
Tibiotarsal joint
Joint between tibia
67
Proximal Intertarsal joint
Joint between proximal tarsal bones and central tarsal.
68
Distal Intertarsal joint
Joint between central and distal tarsal bones.
69
Tarsometatarsal joint
Joint between distal tarsal bones and metatarsals.
70
Metatarsophalangeal joint
Joint between metatarsals and proximal phalanges.
71
Proximal interphalangeal joint
Joint between proximal and middle phalanges.
72
Distal interphalangeal joint
Joint between middle and distal phalanges.
73
Extraarticular ligaments
Ligaments outside the joint capsule.
74
Intraarticular ligaments
Ligaments inside the joint capsule.
75
Collateral ligament
Stabilizes joint sides
76
Cranial cruciate ligament
Prevents cranial sliding of the tibia.
77
Caudal cruciate ligament
Prevents caudal sliding of the tibia.
78
Patellar ligament
Connects patella to tibial tuberosity.
79
Transverse acetabular ligament
Connects incomplete acetabulum at notch.
80
Ligament of the head of femur
Connects femur head to acetabulum.
81
Sacrotuberous ligament
Connects sacrum to ischiatic tuberosity.
82
Biceps femoris
Hamstring muscle
83
Semitendinosus
Hamstring muscle
84
Semimembranosus
Hamstring muscle with two bellies.
85
Middle gluteus
Muscle for hip abduction
86
Tensor fasciae latae
Muscle that stabilizes the hip joint.
87
Superficial gluteus
Small muscle
88
Quadratus femoris
Muscle inserting on intertrochanteric crest.
89
Gemelli
Muscle inserting on trochanteric fossa.
90
Caudal crural abductor
Muscle present only in dogs.
91
Internal obturator
Innervated by sciatic nerve
92
Pectineus
Originates from iliopubic eminence
93
Adductor
Divided into magnus
94
Gracilis
Contributes to common calcanean tendon
95
External obturator
Located outside obturator foramen
96
Sartorius
Innervated by femoral nerve
97
Iliopsoas
Formed by iliacus and psoas major
98
Quadriceps femoris
Major extensor of stifle joint
99
Rectus femoris
Only head flexing hip joint
100
Quadratus lumborum
One of the sublumbar muscles
101
Psoas minor
Small sublumbar muscle
102
Psoas major
Larger sublumbar muscle
103
Obturator nerve paralysis
Causes excessive leg abduction
104
Femoral nerve damage
Leads to stifle flexion
105
Cranialis tibialis
Innervated by deep peroneal nerve
106
Extensor hallucis longus
Extends first digit
107
Peroneus longus
Innervated by deep peroneal nerve
108
Peroneus brevis
Also innervated by deep peroneal nerve
109
Long digital extensor
Innervated by deep peroneal nerve
110
Trochanteric fossa
Insertion point for internal obturator and external obturator.
111
Symphysial tendon
Origin of gracilis
112
Patellar ligament
Common insertion for quadriceps femoris on tibia.
113
Common digital extensor
Extensor of digits 2-5
114
Lateral digital extensor
Innervated by superficial peroneal nerve.
115
Gastrocnemius
Divided into lateral and medial heads.
116
Origin of Gastrocnemius
From femur's supracondylar tuberosities.
117
Insertion of Gastrocnemius
Attaches to calcanean tuber of calcaneus.
118
Superficial digital flexor
Inserts on middle phalanges of digits 2-5.
119
Origin of Superficial digital flexor
From lateral supracondylar tuberosity of femur.
120
Calcanean tendon
Achilles tendon formed by gastrocnemius and SDF.
121
Common calcanean tendon
Includes tendons of gastrocnemius
122
Popliteus
Originates laterally
123
Deep digital flexor
Divided into lateral and medial digital flexors.
124
Insertion of Deep digital flexor
Attaches to flexor tubercle of distal phalanges.
125
Short digital extensor
Assists long digital extensor
126
Interosseus muscle
Located between metatarsal bones
127
Obturator nerve
Supplies adductor muscles of hindlimb.
128
Femoral nerve
Supplies quadriceps and iliopsoas muscles.
129
Sciatic nerve
Supplies hamstring muscles and quadratus femoris.
130
Common peroneal nerve
Supplies cranial leg muscles.
131
Tibial nerve
Supplies caudal leg muscles.
132
Cutaneous branches
Includes lateral and caudal cutaneous sural nerves.
133
Damage to Common peroneal nerve
Results in inability to extend digits.
134
Damage to Tibial nerve
Results in inability to flex digits.
135
Ventral branches
Nerve roots indicating specific nerve damage.
136
Epaxial muscles
Dorsal muscles extending vertebral column.
137
Hypaxial muscles
Ventral muscles located beneath vertebrae.
138
External abdominal oblique
Muscle with caudoventral fibers forming inguinal ligament.
139
Internal abdominal oblique
Muscle with cranioventral fibers forming cremaster muscle.
140
Rectus abdominis
Muscle forming 'abs' with parallel fibers.
141
Transversus abdominis
Innermost abdominal muscle with transverse fibers.
142
Diaphragm
Muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities.
143
Phrenic nerve
Innervates diaphragm; originates from C5-C7.
144
Aortic hiatus
Opening for aorta
145
Esophageal hiatus
Opening for esophagus and vagal trunks.
146
Caval foramen
Opening for caudal vena cava.
147
Peritoneal cavity
Imaginary cavity containing no structures.
148
Parietal peritoneum
Lining attached to transversus abdominis.
149
Visceral peritoneum
Lining attached to visceral organs.
150
Mesentery
Connective tissue anchoring abdominal organs.
151
Omentum
Fatty tissue connecting stomach to other organs.
152
Esophagus
Muscular tube connecting throat to stomach.
153
Esophageal sphincter
Muscle preventing food reflux into esophagus.
154
Bronchoesophageal artery
Supplies blood to esophagus from intercostal artery.
155
Liver lobes
Organ divided into six major lobes.
156
Triangular ligaments
Attach liver to diaphragm and body wall.
157
Coronary ligament
Attaches liver to diaphragm's middle part.
158
Round ligament of the liver
Remnant of umbilical vein in adults.
159
Falciform ligament
Connects liver to ventral diaphragm and abdomen.
160
Primary function of the liver
Metabolizes nutrients and produces bile.
161
Hepatic ducts
Duct system for bile exit from liver.
162
Cystic duct
Duct for bile exit from gallbladder.
163
Common bile duct
Fusion of hepatic and cystic ducts.
164
Major duodenal papilla
Termination point of common bile duct.
165
Parietal surface of liver
Surface facing the diaphragm.
166
Visceral surface of liver
Surface facing visceral organs.
167
Gastric impression
Impression on left lateral lobe of liver.
168
Duodenal impression
Impression on right lobe of liver.
169
Renal impression
Impression on caudate process of liver.
170
Hepatic artery
Vascularizes liver from celiac artery.
171
Gallbladder
Temporary storage organ for bile.
172
Gall bladder fossa
Location of gallbladder between liver lobes.
173
Pancreas
Organ with right lobe
174
Pancreatic duct
Main duct for pancreatic secretions.
175
Accessory pancreatic duct
Larger duct in dogs for pancreatic secretions.
176
Cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery
Vascularizes pancreas from gastroduodenal artery.
177
Stomach regions
Divided into cardia
178
Greater curvature
Convex surface facing the left side.
179
Lesser curvature
Concave surface facing the right side.
180
Pyloric sphincter
Regulates passage of food into duodenum.
181
Greater omentum
Dorsal mesentery attached to greater curvature.
182
Lesser omentum
Ventral mesentery attached to lesser curvature.
183
Omental bursa
Space between superficial and deep omental leaves.
184
Epiploic foramen
Opening of omental bursa into peritoneal cavity.
185
Rugae
Mucosal folds in the stomach for distensibility.
186
Right Gastric Artery
Vascularizes right lesser curvature from hepatic artery.
187
Left Gastroepiploic Artery
Vascularizes left greater curvature from splenic artery.
188
Right Gastroepiploic Artery
Vascularizes right greater curvature from gastroduodenal artery.
189
Duodenum
First part of small intestine
190
Descending Duodenum
Right side
191
Ascending Duodenum
Left side
192
Major Duodenal Papilla
Opening for common bile and pancreatic ducts.
193
Minor Duodenal Papilla
Opening for accessory pancreatic duct.
194
Cranial Pancreaticoduodenal Artery
Vascularizes duodenum from gastroduodenal artery.
195
Caudal Pancreaticoduodenal Artery
Vascularizes duodenum from cranial mesenteric artery.
196
Mesoduodenum
Mesentery supporting the duodenum.
197
Jejunum
Longest part of small intestine
198
Jejunal Arteries
Vascularizes jejunum from cranial mesenteric artery.
199
Mesojejunum
Mesentery supporting the jejunum.
200
Jejunal Lymph Nodes
Lymph nodes important for meat inspection.
201
Ileum
Short part of small intestine before cecum.
202
Mesoileum
Mesentery supporting the ileum.
203
Antimesenteric Side
Ileum side without mesentery attachment.
204
Cecum
J-shaped blind end of large intestine.
205
Ileocecal Fold
Connects ileum to cecum.
206
Cecal Artery
Vascularizes cecum from ileocecocolic artery.
207
Colon
Divided into ascending
208
Mesocolon
Mesentery supporting the colon.
209
Right Colic Artery
Vascularizes distal ascending colon.
210
Middle Colic Artery
Vascularizes transverse colon.
211
Left Colic Artery
Vascularizes descending colon.
212
Rectum
Continuation of descending colon to anus.
213
Cranial rectal artery
Supplies blood from caudal mesenteric artery.
214
Middle rectal artery
Branches from vaginal or prostatic artery.
215
Caudal rectal artery
Supplies blood from ventral perineal artery.
216
Spleen
Secondary lymphatic organ
217
Gastrosplenic ligament
Attachment of spleen to stomach.
218
Splenic artery
Supplies blood from celiac artery.
219
Kidney
Filters blood to produce urine.
220
Retroperitoneal organ
Kidney not covered by visceral peritoneum.
221
Right kidney
More cranial than left kidney.
222
Renal artery
Supplies blood from abdominal aorta.
223
Renal vein
Drains blood into caudal vena cava.
224
Left renal vein
Gives off left gonadal vein.
225
Nephrons
Basic functional unit of the kidney.
226
Renal cortex
Outer part containing nephrons.
227
Renal medulla
Inner part with collecting tubules.
228
Renal pelvis
Dilated part of ureter inside kidney.
229
Ureter
Transports urine to urinary bladder.
230
Adrenal gland
Endocrine organ producing various hormones.
231
Branches of abdominal aorta
Includes lumbar
232
Celiac artery
Visceral
233
Gonadal arteries
Testicular or ovarian arteries from abdominal aorta.
234
Median sacral artery
Supplies blood to the sacral region.
235
External iliac artery
Main blood supply to hindlimb.
236
Internal iliac artery
Supplies blood to pelvic cavity.
237
Median sacral artery
Unpaired artery supplying the sacral region.
238
Celiac artery
Major artery supplying upper abdominal organs.
239
Hepatic artery
Supplies liver and gall bladder via branches.
240
Cystic artery
Branches from hepatic artery to gall bladder.
241
Right gastric artery
Branches from hepatic artery to lesser stomach curvature.
242
Left gastric artery
Supplies lesser curvature near stomach cardia.
243
Gastroduodenal artery
Branches from hepatic artery
244
Right gastroepiploic artery
Supplies greater curvature of stomach
245
Cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery
Supplies pancreas and duodenum
246
Splenic artery
Supplies spleen and branches to pancreas.
247
Short gastric arteries
Supply fundus of stomach from splenic artery.
248
Pancreatic branches
Supply left lobe of pancreas from splenic artery.
249
Left gastroepiploic artery
Supplies greater curvature
250
Cranial mesenteric artery
Supplies small intestine and parts of colon.
251
Middle colic artery
Supplies transverse colon
252
Right colic artery
Supplies ascending colon
253
Ileocecocolic artery
Supplies cecum and ascending colon.
254
Cecal artery
Supplies cecum
255
Jejunal arteries
Supply jejunum
256
Ileal arteries
Supply ileum
257
Caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery
Supplies pancreas
258
Ovarian artery
Supplies ovaries and proximal uterus.
259
Uterine branch
Vascularizes proximal uterus
260
Uterine artery
Supplies blood to the uterus in females.
261
Testicular artery
Vascularizes the testis and exits inguinal canal.
262
Pampiniform plexus
Venous plexus cooling arterial blood to testis.
263
Caudal mesenteric artery
Supplies descending colon and rectum.
264
Left colic artery
Supplies descending colon; anastomoses with middle colic.
265
Cranial rectal artery
Supplies cranial rectum; anastomoses with left colic.
266
External iliac artery
Main artery supplying hindlimb; branches into femoral.
267
Deep femoral artery
First branch of external iliac artery.
268
Pudendoepigastric trunk
Branches into caudal epigastric and external pudendal arteries.
269
Caudal epigastric artery
Supplies ventral abdominal body wall.
270
External pudendal artery
Passes inguinal canal; vascularizes external genitalia.
271
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Vascularizes medial thigh muscles.
272
Vascular lacuna
Area separating external iliac and femoral arteries.
273
Superficial inguinal ring
Opening where external pudendal vessels exit.
274
Femoral artery
Main blood supply to hindlimb; continues from external iliac.
275
Popliteal artery
Passes behind the tibia; supplies stifle area.
276
Cranial tibial artery
Supplies cranial aspect of the tibia.
277
Dorsal pedal artery
Supplies the dorsal aspect of the foot.
278
Internal iliac artery
Main blood supply to pelvic cavity structures.
279
Umbilical artery
Vascularizes urinary bladder; becomes round ligament.
280
Internal pudendal artery
Supplies internal genitourinary organs; branches to external.
281
Vaginal artery
Supplies vagina in females; anastomoses with ovarian artery.
282
Middle rectal artery
Supplies middle rectum; anastomoses with cranial and caudal rectal.
283
Urethral artery
Supplies the urethra.
284
Internal pudendal artery
Main blood supply to external genitalia in both sexes.
285
Caudal gluteal artery
Supplies blood to gluteal muscles and surrounding areas.
286
Gastroduodenal vein
Drains blood from the right side of the GIT.
287
Splenic vein
Drains blood from the left side of the GIT.
288
Cranial mesenteric vein
Drains blood from the small intestine and proximal colon.
289
Caudal mesenteric vein
Drains blood from the distal colon and rectum.
290
Hepatic portal vein
Collects unoxygenated blood from GIT to liver.
291
Hepatic sinusoids
Capillaries in the liver for nutrient processing.
292
Caudal vena cava
Major vein returning blood to the heart.
293
Lumbar veins
Drain blood from the lumbar region.
294
Phrenicoabdominal vein
Drains blood from diaphragm and abdominal wall.
295
Renal vein
Drains blood from kidneys to caudal vena cava.
296
Ovarian/Testicular vein
Gonadal veins draining blood from gonads.
297
Common iliac vein
Drains blood from lower limbs and pelvis.
298
External iliac vein
Becomes femoral vein after deep femoral branch.
299
Internal iliac vein
Drains blood from pelvic organs.
300
Median sacral vein
Drains blood from the sacral region.
301
Medial saphenous vein
Counterpart of saphenous artery in dogs.
302
Lateral saphenous vein
Alternative blood collection site in dogs.
303
Deep artery of clitoris
Supplies blood to the clitoris.
304
Dorsal artery of penis
Supplies blood to the penis.
305
Vaginal/Prostatic artery
Branches from internal pudendal artery for reproductive organs.
306
Cranial Vena Cava
Drains venous blood from thoracic cavity.
307
Caudal Vena Cava
Drains venous blood from abdominal cavity.
308
Right Atrium
Receives unoxygenated blood from vena cavae.
309
Right Atrioventricular Valve
Tricuspid valve between RA and RV.
310
Right Ventricle
Pumps venous blood to pulmonary trunk.
311
Pulmonary Trunk
Carries blood from RV to lungs.
312
Pulmonic Valve
Controls blood flow into pulmonary trunk.
313
Pulmonary Arteries
Transport blood from pulmonary trunk to lungs.
314
Lungs
Site for oxygenation of venous blood.
315
Pulmonary Veins
Return oxygenated blood to the heart.
316
Left Atrium
Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins.
317
Left Atrioventricular Valve
Bicuspid valve between LA and LV.
318
Left Ventricle
Ejects oxygenated blood into aorta.
319
Aortic Valve
Regulates blood flow into the aorta.
320
Aorta
Distributes oxygenated blood throughout the body.
321
Ascending Aorta
Supplies coronary arteries to the heart.
322
Aortic Arch
Branches into major arteries like subclavian.
323
Descending Aorta
Continues from aortic arch to abdomen.
324
Thoracic Aorta
Part of descending aorta in thorax.
325
Abdominal Aorta
Part of descending aorta in abdomen.
326
External Jugular Vein
Drains blood from head and neck.
327
Brachiocephalic Vein
Formed by subclavian and external jugular veins.
328
Femoral Triangle
Area containing femoral blood vessels.
329
Cephalic Vein
Most common blood collection site in dogs.
330
Lateral Saphenous Vein
Commonly used for blood collection.
331
Femoral Triangle
Area containing artery
332
Saphenous Nerve
Nerve located cranially in the femoral triangle.
333
Femoral Artery
Common pulse-taking site in dogs.
334
Femoral Vein
Alternative site for venipuncture in dogs.
335
Superficial Cervical LN
Lymph node under Omotransversarius muscle.
336
Axillary LN
Lymph node located in the armpit.
337
Popliteal LN
Lymph node behind the Biceps femoris muscle.
338
Superficial Inguinal LN
Lymph node in the inguinal region.
339
Mandibular LN
Lymph node near the mandibular gland.
340
Lumbosacral Plexus
Nerve branches from lumbar and sacral spinal nerves.
341
Cranial Iliohypogastric Nerve
L1 nerve supplying abdominal muscles.
342
Caudal Iliohypogastric Nerve
L2 nerve supplying abdominal muscles.
343
Ilioinguinal Nerve
L3 nerve supplying inguinal region.
344
Lateral Cutaneous Femoral Nerve
L4 nerve supplying lateral thigh sensation.
345
Genitofemoral Nerve
Innervates cremaster muscle and inguinal skin.
346
Costoabdominal Nerve
T13 nerve
347
Obturator Nerve
L4
348
Femoral Nerve
L4
349
Saphenous Nerve
Innervates medial thigh
350
Pudendal Nerve
S1
351
Caudal Rectal Nerve
Innervates external anal sphincter muscle.
352
Pampiniform Plexus
Vein network cooling testicular artery blood.
353
Cremaster Muscle
Regulates testis position for temperature control.
354
Mesorchium
Supports testicular artery
355
Spermatic Cord
Contains testicular artery
356
Mesoductus Deferens
Supports vas deferens exiting inguinal canal.
357
Genital Fold
Joins right and left vas deferens in pelvis.
358
Vaginal Tunic
Covers spermatic cord in males.
359
Spermatic Fascia
Continuation of transversalis fascia surrounding spermatic cord.
360
Transversalis Fascia
Inner fascia of transversus abdominis
361
Vascular Type Penis
Requires blood engorgement for erection.
362
Root of Penis
Composed of crura and bulb of penis.
363
Corpus Cavernosum Penis
Vascular tissue forming crura of penis.
364
Bulb of Penis
Dorsal expansion of corpus spongiosum penis.
365
Ischiocavernosus
Muscle covering the origin of the crus.
366
Bulbospongiosus
Ventral muscle of ischiocavernosus.
367
Corpus Spongiosum Penis
Surrounds urethra along the penis length.
368
Ischiourethralis
Muscle associated with right and left sides.
369
Glans Penis
Head of the penis
370
Dorsal vein of the penis
Vein aiding venous return during erection.
371
Body of the penis
Region where crura blend
372
Corpus cavernosum penis
Tissue extending alongside penis
373
Glans penis
Distal end of penis
374
Bulbus glandis
Proximal part maintaining penis in vagina during copulation.
375
Pars longa glandis
Distal part surrounding os penis and urethra.
376
Os penis
Heterotopic bone supporting glans
377
Accessory sex glands
Glands aiding reproduction; prostate in dogs
378
Ovary
Organ producing ovum
379
Fallopian tube
Tube delivering ovum for fertilization.
380
Uterine horn
Site for implantation of fertilized ovum.
381
Proper ligament of the ovary
Connects ovary to uterine horn.
382
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
Connects ovary to dorsal body wall.
383
Broad ligament of the uterus
Mesentery suspending female reproductive organs.
384
Mesovarium
Part of broad ligament supporting the ovary.
385
Mesosalpinx
Part of broad ligament supporting fallopian tube.
386
Ovarian bursa
Space formed by mesovarium and mesosalpinx.
387
Mesometrium
Part of broad ligament supporting uterus.
388
Round ligament of uterus
Ligament derived from mesometrium
389
Ovariohysterectomy
Surgical removal of ovaries and uterus.
390
Uterine body
Central part of the uterus.
391
Cranial vagina
Upper part of vagina included in mesometrium.
392
Cervix
Neck of uterus
393
Vagina
Cranial part suspended by mesometrium.
394
Vestibule
Junction of vagina and urethral opening.
395
Clitoris
Homologue of penis
396
Labia
Includes labia minora; no labia majora in dogs.
397
Mammary glands
Five pairs present
398
Nipples
Openings for milk
399
Mammary lymphatics
Drained by superficial inguinal lymph nodes.
400
Pelvic diaphragm
Border between pelvic cavity and outside environment.
401
Coccygeus
Muscle part of pelvic diaphragm.
402
Levator ani
Muscle part of pelvic diaphragm.
403
Anal sphincter muscles
Regulate defecation around anal canal.
404
External anal sphincter
Voluntary muscle controlling anal canal.
405
Internal anal sphincter
Involuntary muscle controlling anal canal.
406
Paranal sinus
Produces secretion for species recognition in dogs.
407
Sympathetic nerve trunk
Innervates abdominal organs via splanchnic nerves.
408
Major splanchnic nerve
Sympathetic innervation to cranial abdominal organs.
409
Minor splanchnic nerve
Sympathetic innervation to cranial abdominal organs.
410
Lumbar splanchnic nerve
Innervates caudal abdominal organs sympathetically.
411
Vagus nerve
Longest nerve
412
Hypogastric nerve
Sympathetically innervates pelvic organs.
413
Pelvic nerve
Parasympathetically innervates pelvic organs.
414
Vaginal tunic
Spermatic cord structure in males.
415
Cremaster muscle
Elevates/depresses testis
416
Inguinal canal
Passage for structures exiting the abdomen.
417
Urinary bladder
Contains ligaments and rugae for expansion.
418
Trigone
Region where ureters enter bladder and urethra exits.
