2nd half Flashcards
(24 cards)
What are the Research Methods and Limitation of Sex research?
volunteer bias, natural setting, funding, researcher bias (not many researchers interested, may be influenced by worldviews)
What is the first phase of sexual response?
Excitement phase:
Increased heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, muscle tension
Male penis engorged with blood- becomes erect
What is the second phase of sexual response?
Plateau phase
Arousal is maintained for several minutes
Testes rise in scrotum in preparation for ejaculation
Vaginal lubrication increases
What is the third phase of sexual response?
Orgasm
Rhythmic contractions in penis accompanied by ejaculation of seminal fluid containing sperm
What is the fourth phase of sexual response?
Resolution
Arousal decreases, return to previous state
Visual stimulation
Males more responsive than females
And more dopamine activation
Unique activation of amygdala
Tactile stimulation- erogenous zones, dopamine
Some receptors activate more dopamine than other types (erogenous zones)
Hormone levels as a moderator
Mouth, anus, genitals
Role of autonomic regulation in human sexual behavior
Parasympathetic- arousal and erection
Sympathetic- ejaculation
Too rapid transition (more common in males)- premature ejaculation
Failure of transition (more common in female)- inability to reach orgasm
What is the Role of mesolimbic system in sex?
VTA- dopamine- Nucleus Accumbens
Or anticipation of pleasure?
Drugs that increase dopamine also increase sexual behavior
What is the Role of D1 receptors in sex?
Parasympathetic activation
Erection, arousal
Linked to faithfulness/maintenance of attachment
What is the Role of D2 receptors in sex?
Sympathetic activation
Ejaculation
Linked to pair bonding/formation of attachment
Activity of neocortex in orgasm
Neocortex deactivation
Feelings of release
Changes in self-awareness
Altered appreciation of space and time
What is the role of oxytocin during sex?
Increased after orgasm
Feelings of calmness and well-being; Acts as neurotransmitter
Formation of attachment/pair-bond
During sex- formation of attachment
If you introduce nasal oxytocin, people become more trusting
Majority has to do with nursing
Monogamous sexual attachment an evolution of the biology of mother-offspring attachment?
What is the role of vasopressin during sex?
Male oxytocin- formation of pair-bond The more, the faster Vasopressin stimulates dopamine neurons Making monogamy more likely Genetic variation Variations in autism
What are olfactory detection and pheromones
Humans can detect 10,000 odors via different combinations of active neurons in olfactory lobe
Pheromones- breakdown products of hormones
What is a Coup-Contrecoup injury
Brain injury that occurs at the site of impact and the opposite side
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
progressive degenerative disease which afflicts the brain of people who have suffered repeated concussions and traumatic brain injuries,
Axonal injury
the shearing of axons leading to blacking out or coma
BIPOLAR Monoamine hypothesis
Now know serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are all involved (monoamines)
Deficiency = depression
Excess = mania
Evidence lacking for monoamines themselves, focus has shifted to their receptors
BIPOLAR and serotonin
Present in many tissues
Plays important role in transmission of other neurochemicals (the catecholamines)
Switches affecting various mood-states- regulation of mood
Role in sleep, eating, arousal
Regulation of pain
Ascending projections regulate mood, anxiety, sleep
Descending projections regulate pain
BIPOLAR and norepinephrine
“Noradrenergic” Synthesized from dopamine Increases arousal, vigilance Influences reward system Ascending projections regulate mood, arousal, cognition Descending projections regulate pain
BIPOLAR and hypothetical structures in mania
PFC- racing thoughts, grandiosity, distractibility, talkative/pressured, speech; (ACC?): risks, grandiosity, talkative/pressured speech, racing thoughts; mood
NAcc- racing thoughts, goal-directed, grandiosity
Striatum- motor/agitation
Thalamus- decreased sleep/arousal
Hypothalamus- decreased sleep/arousal
Amygdala- mood
Basal Forebrain- decreased sleep/arousal
BIPOLAR
hypothetical structures in depression
PFC- (DLCC): concentration, interest/pleasure; (MedCC): psychomotor fatigue; (ACC?): guilt, suicidality, worthlessness; mood
NA- pleasure, interests, fatigue/energy
S- psychomotor, fatigue (physical)
Hy- sleep/appetite
A- guilt, suicidality, worthlessness, mood
BIPOLAR
Extrapyramidal side effects
drowsiness tremors in your hands dry mouth, increased thirst or urination nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, stomach pain changes in your skin or hair cold feeling or discoloration in your fingers or toes feeling uneasy impotence, loss of interest in sex
