2ND LONG QUIZ Flashcards

Question

Baking powders

Answer 1

It is made up of dry mixture of sodium bicarbonate and one or more agents that can totally decompose it (usually monocalcium phosphates)

Answer 2

Prevent or delay the spread of fire by suppressing chemical processes in the flame or by forming a protective layer on a material’s surface

Answer 3

1. Sylvite: KCl 2. Carnallite: KCl. MgCl2·6(H2O) 3. Kainite: KClMgSO4·2.75H2O 4. Langbeinite: K2Mg2(SO4)3 5. Halite: NaCl 6. Kieserite: MgSO4·H2O

Answer 4

- Muriate of Potash (MOP): 97% purity - Chemical grade potassium chloride: 99.9% purity

Answer 5

1. Trona Process 2. Froth Flotation

Answer 6

● Brine is pumped from wells drilled in the first and third layers of the lake utilizing deep-well-type-pumps. ● The brine is pumped at a temperature of 72 deg F. ● Raw brine is used as the condensing medium for the potash vacuum coolers as well as for washing different filter cakes throughout the plant before it enters the evaporator. ● The evaporator feed consists of a mixture of brine from the lake and end liquors from the crystallizing house. ● The resulting concentrated solution is then forwarded to the crystallizing plants for removal of potash, while the end liquor is sent back into the evaporator.

Answer 7

It is used to raise the low mineral concentrations in ores to concentrations that can be more economically processed.

Answer 8

1. Crushing - the sylvinite ores are crushed through a 12.7-cm screen 2. Scrubbing and Desliming - 90 to 95 wt% of the clay present in sylvinite ores are removed. The scrubbers are operated in series to ensure complete dispersion of the clay from the crystal surfaces to the brine as finely divided particles. 3. Reagent Conditioning -the surface properties of mineral particles are modified using reagents to selectively separate them from the gangue (worthless material) based on their hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity. -involves adding specific chemicals to the slurry (a mixture of water and ore particles) to prepare it for flotation. 4. Flotation -the slurry is then introduced into a flotation cell, where air is bubbled through the mixture. The air bubbles attach to the sylvite particles, making them float to the surface of the slurry, where they can be collected as a froth layer. 5. Drying -the collected froth is then dried to remove the water and recover the KCl product.

Answer 9

Traditional method for refining KCl from ore deposits

Answer 10

1. Crushed ores are heated to 100°C and then placed in a centrifuge para maseparate ang brine from the contaminants. 2. The effluent (without the waste or mga contaminants chuchu) is sent to a crystallizer para of course macrystallize ang potassium chloride.

Answer 11

(K2SO4) - source of potassium in agriculture -used for fertilizer for crops not tolerant to KCl Production Process: -Mannheim Process lang

Answer 12

K2SO4*2MgSO4

Answer 13

(KHSO4) -strong acid salt mainly used as a flux (gi na add na substance to remove any impurities) for ceramics Production Proccess: * Reaction of potassium sulfate with sulfuric acid * Mannheim process japon * By-product sya sa production of nitric acid from potassium nitrate and sulfuric

Answer 14

(KOH) - used for industrial water treatment - "caustic potash" Production Process: * Produced industrially by the electrolysis of KCl

Answer 15

- "pearl ash" Production Process: * Produced by the reaction of caustic potash with carbon dioxide.

Answer 16

(KBr) - used as a veterinary drug and as an antiepileptic medication for dogs. Production: * Production of potassium bromate from potassium carbonate * Treating iron

Answer 17

Fe3Br3*16H20

Answer 18

(KI) - non-radioactive or stable form of iodine. -used for treating patients with thyroid diseases. Production: * Same lang sa production process sa potassium bromide. * Iodine reacts with potassium hydroxide

Answer 19

(KNO3) - "Indian saltpeter" - bacterial action on human and animal excrement triggered its creation Production: * Earliest method: Simple boiling of the crude saltpeter mineral with minimal water * Reacting sodium nitrate with potassium chloride * Reacting potassium chloride with nitric acid Nitrosyl chloride: NOCl

Answer 20

(KC4H5O6) - also known as "potassium hydrogen tartrate" or "cream of tartar" * Natural way: generated in grapes as a result of tartaric acid dissociation into bitartrate and tartrate ions. * Wine lees, solid substance nga mahibilin after crushing grapes to make wine, are treated with hot water para madissolve ang potassium bitartrate. Tapos ipaevaporate and then crystals are formed, then iextract tapos ipurify.

Answer 21

(KMnO4) - gives off an intense pink-to-purple solution - strong oxidizing agent Production: * Manganese dioxide is fused with KOH and then painition and then ang result kay potassium MANGANATE. * After that, potassium MANGANATE kay itransform into potassium PERMANGANATE through the electrolytic oxidation.

Answer 22

(K2Cr2O7) - also known as "potassium bichromate" - all hexavalent chromium compounds that's why this is detrimental to health. Production: * Produced by roasting caustic potash, quick lime, and chrome-iron ore * From a chromite concentrate

Answer 23

-odorless, non-toxic, tasteless, colorless, and non-flammable gas -"dephlogisticated air" due to its inert properties to many reactions - would not support combustion of living organisms

Answer 24

old name for ammonium chloride

Answer 25

1. Aqua fortis- "nitric acid", can dissolve most of the metals 2. Aqua regia- "royal water", a solution of nitrohydrochloric acid which can dissolve royal metals such as gold and platinum.

Answer 26

- a process that converts the unreactive gaseous nitrogen to its active nitrogen compounds. - focused on producing nitrogen oxides and ammonia

Answer 27

(1) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) - "laughing gas" and has a sweet odor and taste - used as an anesthetic and as propellant in aerosol cans (2). Nitric Oxide (NO) - water-insoluble, colorless gas that is produced in considerable quantities in the reaction to produce nitric acid. (3) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) - a red brown gas with an unpleasant odor and is poisonous -even though poisonous sya, ginaproduce japon sya na gas because when it combines readily with water, makaform syag nitric acid (an important industrial acid) (4) Nitrogen Trioxide (N2O3) & (5) Nitrogen Pentoxide (N2O5) - anhydrides of nitrous acid and nitric acid - the process of producing these oxides is by reactingnitrogen and oxygen in air at very igh temperatures

Answer 28

1. The feed gases to the reactor are manufactured, purified and compressed. 2. Natural gas is first fed into the desulfurizer wherein sulfur is removed from the gas in order to avoid external reactions. 3. Steam is then added and it goes into the primary reformer where high heat and temperature converts the water vapor and hydrocarbons from the natural gas into mixtures of hydrogen gas, CO and unreacted gas. 4. The synthesized gas then goes into a secondary reformer. 5. The resulting gaseous mixture then undergoes CO2 removal by series of adsorption and stripping columns. 6. The remaining CO2 and the unreacted CO undergoes methanation where it reacts with hydrogen gas to form methane. 7. The produced methane in the process is then condensed and removed from the gas mixture. 8. The resulting gas mixture then undergoes compression and enters the main reactor in which the feed gas is converted into ammonia. The End!

Answer 29

1. Condensation - High Energy Cost and Fixed Cost at Lower Loop Pressures - Economical at higher operating pressures 2. Absorption - Almost constant energy costs that are independent of pressure. - Economical at lower synthesis pressures

Answer 30

(NH4NO3) - Produced by reacting nitric acid with gaseous ammonia

Answer 31

1. Neutralization 2. Evaporation 3. Solidification

Answer 32

* The neutralization of nitric acid with ammonia gas produces ammonium nitrate solution and steam. * The steam that emerges from the neutralizer can either be purified or condensed, before being purified. (1) Carnot Process * Ammonia and nitric acid react in a recycling flow loop where the pressure is greater than the vapor pressure of the solution. (2) UCB Process * A portion of the heat of reaction is utilized via a heat exchanger in the pressurized reactor to create steam. (3) Stamicarbon Process * A loop reactor that flows into a separator is the neutralizer. The reaction solution is transported without a pump. (4) NSM/Norsk Hydro Process * The solution is moved through the reactor via forced circulation and the thermal siphon effect. (5) Stengel Process * Employed in the US to directly generate anhydrous ammonium nitrate

Answer 33

* The bulk of the water that is contained in the Ammonium Nitrate solution must be removed by the evaporator. * Normal water content: 1% (pero naay uban methods nga garequire ug 8%)

Answer 34

● Droplets of ammonium nitrate (AN) are solidified to form granules ● The droplets harden and condense into spherical "prills" that are sized for shipping, dried, and chilled.

Answer 35

nitro chalk

Answer 36

● Used to create granular fertilizer by procedures including agglomeration, accretion, or crushing. ● Requires a more complex plant than prilling and a range of equipment, including rotating pans or drums/fluidized beds

Answer 37

((NH4)2SO4) ● Produced by the reaction of ammonia and sulfuric acid ● Typically, saturators, which are developed from evaporation crystallizers, are used to conduct this process.

Answer 38

Used to extract sulfur compounds as ammonium sulfate from gypsum 1. Ammonium carbonate is created by bubbling carbon dioxide and ammonia through a water suspension of finely crushed gypsum. 2. The ammonium carbonate then undergoes a twofold breakdown process with gypsum to produce AS solution and insoluble calcium carbonate. 3. Filtration is used to remove the calcium carbonate, then evaporation and crystallization are used to recover the sulfate.

Answer 39

1. Technical grade 2. Anti-cracking grade 3. Food grade- syempre for food applications

Answer 40

- Ammonia and phosphoric acid are combined to yield the salts diammonium phosphate (DAP) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP).

Answer 41

- diammonium phosphate - crystalline substance and fully water-soluble that’s why it’s plant friendly - Solutions are mostly alkaline

Answer 42

- monoammonium phosphate - crystalline that dissolves entirely in water - Produces acid solutions with a pH of 4.5

Answer 43

Anhydrous ammonia and phosphoric acid are combined to generate MAP in batch or continuous reactors.

Answer 44

Usually performed in a two-stage reactor vessel with feed acid flowing countercurrent to the movement of ammonia gas since DAP solutions contain a high partial pressure of ammonia.

Answer 45

● Linked to flame retarding and fire extinguishing because of their thermal stability ● Fertilizers ● Protective film for plywood, papers and fabrics

Answer 46

● Also known as “carbamide” and “carbonyl diamide” ● Produced using cyanic acid and ammonia

Answer 47

NH2CONHCONH2

Answer 48

An industrial process for producing ammonia by reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen: N2+3H2 ⇌ 2NH3. The reaction is reversible and exothermic, so that a high yield of ammonia is favored by low temperature.

Answer 49

● Commercial nitric acid production involves oxidizing ammonia and then reacting oxidation products with water to form a highly acidic, caustic liquid. ● Also called as “aqua fortis” or “strong water”

Answer 50

Production: using the Birdeland-Eyde or Arc method by 1) putting air through an electric arc 2) creating nitric oxide 3) oxidizing NO with air, and 4) soaking up the resultant nitrogen oxides in water.

Answer 51

- an industrial process for producing nitric acid - a process that involves the oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen dioxide, which is then absorbed in water to form nitric acid

Answer 52

● One of the earliest inorganic nitrogen fertilizers ● Commonly referred to as “Chilean nitrate”

Answer 53

Process: ● Sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate are used to neutralize nitric acid to produce sodium nitrate ● By adding sodium hydroxide to neutralize it ● Or by combining stoichiometric amounts of sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium carbonate with ammonium nitrate

Answer 54

- For synthetic fertilizers - Speeds up the burning of combustible substances despite not being flammable itself

Answer 55

Process: ● Can be made by combining ammonium nitrate and potassium hydroxide ● By neutralizing nitric acid with potassium hydroxide

Answer 56

frequently manifests as the calcium salt

Answer 57

Process: ● Calcium cyanamide, which is made from calcium carbide via the Frank-Caro technique, is hydrolyzed to create cyanamide.

Answer 58

(H2SO4) - “Oil of vitriol” - “King of chemicals”

Answer 59

1. Hot water is utilized to melt sulfur deposits and pump them to the surface 2. The liquefied sulfur enters a separator where air is removed and is discharged into bins or large storage where it can solidify.

Answer 60

1. Production of sulfur trioxide (SO2) gas - raw materials (in this case, elemental sulfur) is fed to a burner along with dry air so that SO2 is produced. 2. Conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide - the resulting SO2 made from the first stage is introduced to a converter to produce SO3 3. Production of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) from sulfur trioxide (SO3) - a reagent of weak sulfuric acid is made into contact with the resulting SO3 as it cannot be directly dissolved into water without the formation of fog which would be difficult to be absorbed.

Answer 61

- materials that are not consumed in a reaction but will change a reaction’s rate. - Vanadium pentoxide ang usually ginagamit nila now as a catalyst for the production of SO3

Answer 62

made into contact with weak sulfuric acid to form oleum

Answer 63

circulate and transfer different concentrations of acids over the drying and absorbing towers

Answer 64

fluid is passed through an acid cooler, where the recovered heat will be used as additional energy.

Answer 65

- used for sulfonation, especially in the manufacture of detergents - produced by reacting sulfur dioxide with oxygen along with the presence of a catalyst

Answer 66

- one technique which is utilized to recover used sulfuric acid Process: 1. Spent acid is passed through a number of membranes which separates the acid into component parts while extracting the impurities. 2. The purified acid can then be reused for other processes. Another eco-friendly way to recover used sulfuric acid involves utilization of bleaching soil.

Answer 67

78%, 93%, and 98%.

Answer 68

● This achieves up to 99.0 – 99.6%. In the DCDA process, an inlet of SO2 + Air mixture is introduced into the converter. ● Third catalytic bed in the converter, the resulting SO3 gases are then removed and placed into a primary absorber where a concentrated H2SO4 solution is then introduced so that a concentrated oleum is produced.

Answer 69

● Production of SO2 and SO3 is the same as that of the Single contact single absorption and the Double contact double absorption. ● In contrast to the traditional process, the SO3 is directly reacted with water to H2SO4 which results in a fog of sulfuric acid, this fog then enters a WSA condenser in which the gas is cooled by air through counter-current flow. ● The condensed sulfuric acid then exits at the bottom and the captured heat from this process is then recycled afterwards.

Answer 70

- Strong, corrosive acid that can be used in the building and construction industries to make steel - utilized in the large-scale production of vinyl chloride, which is used to create polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic - A disinfectant and slimicide (stops the growth of slime on paper)

Answer 71

● Elimination of stains from floor tiles and kitchen sinks ● Used for pickling and cleaning metal surfaces, electroplating, activating geothermal oil wells, food processing ● For production of zinc chloride for batteries, the removal of scale from boilers, the preparation of PCBs and other electronic products, and the production of fertilizers and dyes

Answer 72

● HCl is a byproduct of manufacturing sodium carbonate developed through the Leblanc process ● HCl as a by-product for the chlorination of benzene to form chlorobenzene

Answer 73

Exists as a dense, reddish-brown liquid with a pungent odor

Answer 74

● Obtained commercially from seawater by reacting it with chlorine in the presence of sulfuric acid through a chemical displacement process known as oxidation ● Other way pud ni: - Industrially, manufactured through the direct reaction of chlorine with brine that contains high levels of bromine ions

Answer 75

● Responsible in the production of thyroid components and for the regulation of our body’s temperatures ● Mainly sourced from iodate minerals, natural brine deposits formed by ancient seas' evaporation, and brackish waters from oil and salt wells. ● Iodine is extracted now from the iodate obtained from nitrate ores, or iodine vapor is extracted from the processed brine.

Answer 76

CaF2 - significant source of fluorine

Answer 77

- most reactive element and does not occur freely in nature - produced through the electrolysis of potassium fluoride and hydrofluoric acid, as well as through the electrolysis of molten potassium acid fluoride

Answer 78

- synthetic chemical compounds that consist of carbon (C), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F)

Answer 79

- developed as alternatives to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) because they have lower ozone depletion potential (ODP) but still possess some ozone-depleting properties.

Answer 80

- its primary goal is to protect the Earth's ozone layer by phasing out the production and use of substances that deplete ozone

Answer 81

Used for the production of fluorocarbons, particularly chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) ● Reaction of chloroform (CHCl3) with hydrogen fluoride (HF) in the presence of antimony pentachloride (SbCl5) as a catalyst

Answer 82

- Containing both silicon and fluorine - Examples: Sodium fluorosilicate (Na2SiF6) and fluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6). - Typically white crystalline solids that are soluble in water and highly toxic if ingested or inhaled in high concentrations

Answer 83

“Aluminum oxide, Al2O3” ● White or grayish-white, odorless, and tasteless powder that is insoluble in water ● Amphoteric - it has both acidic and basic properties

Answer 84

- Extracting alumina from bauxite ore ● Occurs during the calcination stage of the process, where the precipitated aluminum hydroxide is heated to a temperature between 980-1,100°C to remove the water molecules and form pure alumina.

Answer 85

- class of chemical compounds known as double sulfates. - The most common type of alum is potassium aluminum sulfate (potassium alum or alum). It has the chemical formula KAl(SO4)2·12H2O

Answer 86

- also known as alum in its powdered form - Chemical Formula: Al2(SO4)3

Answer 87

● Reaction of sulfuric acid with bauxite or clay in a reactor vessel at high temperatures ● The resulting solution is then passed through a series of processes such as evaporation, crystallization, and centrifugation to obtain the desired product.

Answer 88

● Chemical Formula: AlCl3 ● However, due to the tendency of aluminum to form covalent bonds with halides, it exists as a dimer (formed by the combination of two identical or similar subunits) called Al2Cl6

Answer 89

Production Process: ● Reaction of aluminum metal with chlorine gas ● Once the reaction is complete, the crude product is typically purified by sublimation or distillation to remove any remaining impurities

Answer 90

- Chemical compounds in which copper is combined with one or more other elements - Some common copper salts include copper sulfate, copper chloride, copper nitrate, and copper acetate

Answer 91

- included lead, galena, graphite, and molybdenite (MoS2) - lowers sulfur emissions, making fuel refining cheaper and safer

Answer 92

- includes barium- very reactive, reacting readily with water to release hydrogen. Types: 1. Barite (BaSO4) - Also known as “natural barium sulfate” 2. Barium Carbonate (BaCO3) - produced commercially using the same method as strontium carbonate production—the "black ash" process—from barite and coke.

Answer 93

1. Strontium Carbonate (SrCO3) - Below 926 °C, it has a rhombic structure, but above this temperature, it has a hexagonal structure. 2. Strontium oxide (SrO), hydroxide (Sr(OH)2 and peroxide (SrO2)

Answer 94

Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3) - Used before as a treatment for bipolar illnesses as well as other psychiatric disorders such schizophrenia, major depression, and impulse control issues Production Process: ● The addition of sodium carbonate to the brine, which precipitates lithium carbonate, is one of the most used techniques for manufacturing lithium carbonate from brine. ● Other way: direct extraction of lithium from ores like spodumene and petalite

Answer 95

● Borax - also known as sodium borate - naturally occurring mineral compound that consists of sodium, boron, oxygen, and water. - Chemical formula: Na2B4O7·10H2O ● Boric Acid - weak acid that is derived from the chemical element boron. Its chemical formula is H3BO3 ● Boron Carbide (B4C) - used as an abrasive, in the production of hard and chemically resistant ceramics or wear-resistant tools ● Boron Nitride (BN) ● Boron Trichloride (BCl3) ● Boron Trifluoride (BF3)

Answer 96

(1) Cerium - so-called rare-earth metal with the highest abundance - If scratched with a sharp object, pure cerium will ignite, but when mixed with other materials, it is safe Examples: 1. Cerium oxide (CeO2) 2. Ceric Sulfate (Ce(SO4)2) (2) Lanthanum Examples: Lanthana- La2O3 (3) Thorium - thorium tarnishes in air when contaminated with the oxide, turning gray and then black. When heated in air, thorium metal burns brightly.

Answer 97

(ThO2)- also known as “thoria

Answer 98

applications as a potent oxidizing agent, corrosion inhibitor, and component in the creation of pigments, dyes, and other compounds, this substance swiftly rose to prominence as a significant

Answer 99

Designated sodium dichromate as a dangerous material, and the European Union has limited its use in specific applications.

Answer 100

● Chemical Formula: H2O2 ● Strong oxidizer

Answer 101

● Hydrogen reacts with the reaction carrier, a quinone derivative, in the reactor in the presence of a palladium catalyst to create a hydroquinone. ● The working solution is then fully filtered to remove the catalyst. ● Huge compressors pump air into a bubble reactor that is filled with the working solution during the second step, known as the oxidation stage. ● The hydroquinone in the organic phase spontaneously oxidizes back into quinone when it comes into contact with the oxygen in the air, producing hydrogen peroxide in the process. ● This process is known as an autoxidation because it occurs without the need of a catalyst.

Answer 102

- produced when an atom's nucleus is split (through fission) or combined (via fusion).

Answer 103

- involve changes in the nucleus of an atom, leading to the release or absorption of energy

Answer 104

● Splitting of a heavy nucleus into two lighter ones, releasing a large amount of energy in the process. ● Involves the use of neutrons

Answer 105

Process: ● Neutron enters a nucleus in a nuclear reactor–typically Uranium-235 (235U). ● When a neutron collides with the nucleus of a heavy atom, such as 235U, the nucleus becomes unstable and splits into two smaller nuclei. ● This transforms the nucleus into the perilously unstable 236U.

Answer 106

● It first absorbs a slow neutron during the process, creating the highly unstable chemical nucleus 236U. ● 236U separates into two product nuclei, Barium-141 and Krypton-92, during the fission process.

Answer 107

● The reaction produces 239Pu which is a fissile isotope. ● The 239Pu can thus sustain a chain fission reaction. When a thermal neutron strikes the 239Pu atom, it creates 240Pu, which is unstable and performs a fission process, producing Zirconium-103, Xenon-134, and three fast neutrons

Answer 108

● Involves the combining of two light nuclei to form a heavier one, releasing even more energy than fission. ● Plasma is the state of matter where fusion events take place. ● Not yet used to produce electricity because fusion reactions are exceedingly challenging. It is difficult to find materials that can resist such high temperatures and the energy requirements are very high.

Answer 109

(1) Nuclear Fission Advantages: 1. Large amounts of energy produced 2. Reliable source of power 3. Technology is well-established 4. No greenhouse gas emissions Disadvantages: 1. Produces radioactive waste that needs disposal 2. High risk of nuclear accidents 3. Uranium is a finite resource (2) Nuclear Fusion Advantages: 1. Large amounts of energy produced 2. Fuel supply of hydrogen is abundant 3. No greenhouse gas emissions 4. No long-lived radioactive waste produced Disadvantages: 1. Technology is not yet commercially viable 2. High temperatures required for fusion reaction 3. Requires large initial investment 4. Challenges in containment of plasma

Answer 110

● Light-Water Reactor - employ “light water” (simple water) as a neutron moderator or coolant rather than deuterium oxide (2H2O). ● Graphite Moderated Reactor - graphite is an effective neutron moderator because its carbon atoms have a low atomic weight and have a high probability of elastic scattering with neutrons. ● Heavy Water Reactor- syempre nag use ug heavy water as a neutron moderator krazy

Answer 111

● Pressurized Water Reactor- uses light water (common water, as opposed to heavy water) as its coolant and neutron moderator. ● Boiling Water Reactor- use light water—as opposed to heavy water—as their coolant and neutron moderator.

Answer 112

● Fast Neutron Reactor - generate electricity from depleted nuclear waste i. Liquid Metal Fast Neutron Reactor - uses liquid metal, such as sodium or lead, as a coolant ii. Molten Salt Fast Neutron Reactor - using a liquid fuel in the form of a molten salt mixture to sustain a fast neutron nuclear reaction ● Thermal Neutron Reactor - similar steps are taken in thermal reactors as in fast-neutron reactors, but plutonium production takes longer

Answer 113

1. Uranium mines 2. Nuclear reprocessing 3. Breeder reactors

Answer 114

1. Uranium recovery - recovered using both “traditional” open pit, underground mining, and in situ methods - to extract the uranium, the ore is crushed and subjected to a chemical treatment 2. Conversion and Purification - The mill converts the uranium ore concentrate into uranium oxide, sometimes known as “yellow cake,” which is then packaged in 55-gallon barrels and transported to the uranium conversion plant. - The yellow cake is refined and purified, using extraction methods to separate uranium and yielding high purities. 3. Enrichment - The method currently used for commercial enrichment is gas centrifuge enrichment. - A gas centrifuge cylinder is filled with UF6 gas and rapidly revolves. The heavier gas molecules (UF6 containing 238U atoms) travel toward the outside of the cylinder due to the intense centrifugal force produced by this rotation. 4. Deconversion - The chemical risks connected with depleted uranium are diminished throughout the deconversion process. The fluoride atoms in UF6 are removed during the deconversion process and replaced with oxygen. 5. Fuel fabrication - Converts enriched uranium into fuel for nuclear reactors - The conversion is carried out by heating the sample to a vapor and then using a two-stage reaction vessel (such as a rotary kiln) to combine diluted H2 and solid uranyl fluoride (UO2F2), 6. Interim storage - spent nuclear help is highly radioactive and continues to produce heat and radiation for many years after it is removed from the reactor maong dapat careful ang pagstore 7. Reprocessing - process of recovering useful materials from spent nuclear fuel or nuclear waste for reuse as fuel in nuclear reactors and material that will be discarded as wastes 8. Final Disposition - entails putting nuclear waste or spent fuel in a deep geological disposal site or geologic repository that keeps the waste sealed off from the environment for generations to come

Answer 115

Yellow Cake

Answer 116

2UO2(NO3)2 . 6H2O

Answer 117

- type of energy that is produced by harnessing the energy released by a nuclear reaction, either through nuclear fission or nuclear fusion.

Answer 118

● High-level waste - highly radioactive requires special handling and disposal Disposal of HLW: - immobilize the waste in a stable form, such as glass or ceramic - the process converts liquid radioactive and chemical waste into a solid, stable glass, eliminating environmental risks ● Low-level waste - less radioactive and can be disposed of in near-surface facilities

Answer 119

➢ Earliest known chemical explosive ➢ First explosive ➢ Composed mainly of 15% charcoal, 75% saltpeter, and 10% sulfur

Answer 120

Consists of broken down cellulose and provides carbon and other fuel for the reaction.

Answer 121

also known as potassium nitrate, supplies oxygen for the combustion reaction.

Answer 122

Also referred to as brimstone, lowers ignition temperature required to start for the reaction.

Answer 123

(C3H5N3O9) - A colorless, thick, oily, flammable, highly explosive, slightly water-soluble liquid - Used chiefly as a constituent of dynamite and other explosives, in rocket propellants, and in medicine. - Prepared from glycerol with nitric and sulfuric acids.

Answer 124

- Invented by Alfred Nobel out of nitroglycerin in 1867 - from the Greek dynamis, "power" - An explosive based on the explosive potential of nitroglycerin using diatomaceous earth (Kieselguhr) as an absorbent which is a diatomite.

Answer 125

(C18H21N11O38) - Produced by the reaction of cellulose and nitric acid, or other strong nitrating agent - Nontoxic but highly flammable - Classified as an explosive when nitrogen content exceeds 12.6%

Answer 126

- A primary explosive - Highly sensitive to friction, heat, and shock - Mainly used as a trigger for other explosives in percussion caps and detonators - Example of explosive that can be primary or secondary

Answer 127

- A material that, under the influence of thermal or mechanical shock, decomposes rapidly and spontaneously with the evolution of large amounts of heat and gas.

Answer 128

1) Mechanical explosive - one that depends on a physical reaction, such as overloading a container with compressed air. 2) Atomic explosive - compress nuclear material, causing fission; the fission releases massive amounts of energy in the form of X-rays, which create the high temperature and pressure needed to ignite fusion. 3) Chemical Explosive - a solid or liquid substance (or mixture of substances) which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings.

Answer 129

- characterized by extremely rapid decomposition and development of high pressure. - detonate at very high rates from 2 to 9 x 10^3 m/s - Examples: ● Dynamite ● Flash powders ● Trinitrotoluene (TNT) ● Nitroglycerin ● Bulk salutes

Answer 130

1. Detonating (high) explosives 2. Deflagrating (low) explosives 3. Blasting Agents 4. Slurry Explosives

Answer 131

● Primary or Initiating High Explosives - Highly sensitive - Detonate by ignition from some source such as flame, spark, impact, or other means that will produce heat of sufficient magnitude - Detonation takes place and shock waves travel through material - Examples: lead azide, lead styphnate, Diazodinitrophenol, mercury fulminate, tetrazene - Priming compound is often mixed with other chemicals which provide oxygen to assist in the production of the flame, a fuel to increase the length and temperature of the flame and ground glass as an abrasive to assist in the initial ignition of the explosive ● Secondary or Booster High Explosive - Insensitive to heat and they normally burn. So, they require a detonator and in some cases, a supplementary booster. - Examples: RDX (cyclotrimethylene nitramine), PETN (pentaerythritol-tetranitrate), and HMX (cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine)

Answer 132

- mixtures of chemicals that burn very rapidly, but subsonically (as opposed to supersonically), meaning that they "deflagrate" - Relatively homogeneous chemical mixtures consist typically of fuel and an oxidizer reaction velocities are about 600 to 900 m/s not initiated by detonation but deflagration. - No shock wave but rather a rapid burning Examples: black powder, safety fuses, igniter cords, and fuse lighter

Answer 133

- any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer - consists primarily of inorganic nitrates (ammonium and sodium nitrates) and carbonaceous fuels

Answer 134

- a water gel/slurry explosive - an aqueous solution of an inorganic oxidizer gelled with a carbonaceous gelling agent - The liquid is emulsified with a sensitizing liquid aliphatic mononitrate containing from 3 to 8 carbon atoms per molecule. Preferred nitrates: n-propyl nitrate, isopropyl nitrate, amyl nitrate, hexyl nitrate, and octyl nitrate

Answer 135

- A test used to measure the strength of explosive materials - The test is performed by loading a 10 g foil-wrapped sample of the explosive into a hole drilled in a lead block with specific dimensions and properties. The hole is then topped up with sand, and the sample is detonated electrically. After detonation, the increase in cavity volume is measured. The result, given in cm3, is called the Trauzl number of the explosive

Answer 136

- Can be used to show the shattering power of an energetic compound and the speed yo reach its peak pressure.

Answer 137

a) Sand crush test - Based on determining the amount of standard sand which is crushed by a standard mass of explosive - Convenient method for determining the brisance of energetic compounds in comparison with methods b) Plate-denting test - an adequate tool for obtaining the brisance by demonstrating the capability of a detonating explosive to impart a dent or a depression on a steel plate or any other suitable metal

Answer 138

- explosive approved by the U.S. Bureau of Mines for controlled heat and duration of detonation flame and allowed for use in underground work. - Reduces the possibility of coal dust or methane gas

Answer 139

(C2H4N2O6) - Abbreviated EGDN and NGC, also known as Nitroglycol - a colorless, oily explosive liquid obtained by nitrating ethylene glycol - used as an explosive ingredient in dynamite along with nitroglycerin - is similar to nitroglycerin in both manufacture and properties, though it is more volatile and less viscous

Answer 140

- consists of a nitrocellulose-nitroglycerin gel - available in very high strengths (up to 90% nitroglycerin), making it useful for excavating extremely hard rock

Answer 141

- commonly prepared by the batch-type mechanical dipper process

Answer 142

- consists of bulk linter bale opening and feeding, continuous pre-nitration (meaning continuous linter and mixed acid feeding to pre-nitrator), postnitration, continuous acid recovery by centrifuging, automatic plc controlled pre-boiling within a 10 hours, refining, automatic post-boiling for 10 hour, blending and continuous centrifugation with the option to deliver water wet or alcohol damp NC.

Answer 143

- A type of propellant used in firearms and artillery that produces less smoke and less fouling when fired compared to gunpowder ("black powder") Examples: Cordite, Ballisite, and historically, Poudre B.

Answer 144

- The spheres and flakes are not the most favorable shapes for high-performance progressive burning propellant. For that, the addition of nitroglycerin increases the energy content and performance of the propellant, but it also makes it easy to get the nitrocellulose grains to absorb the burn-rate inhibitors, rather than having them only on the surface (like extruded stick powder).

Answer 145

- are high energy vehicles that use powerful propulsion to overcome the force of gravity and travel into space.

Answer 146

- measurement by which a rocket propellant may be rated - this rating is used to compare the performances of different propellants and is basically dependent upon the amount of thrust and the mass flow rate of the evolved gas through the nozzle of the rocket

Answer 147

- Propellants that are added to the combustion chamber as liquids may it be fuel, oxidizers or catalysts

Answer 148

- contains a mixture of the oxidizer and the propellant in a cylindrical mold inside which is a hole that serves as the combustion chamber

Answer 149

1. Homogenous - contains the fuel and oxidizer in the same molecule - contains nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin as the base and other fillers in a colloidal mixture 2. Heterogenous - contain two distinct phases: a solid oxidizer and a matrix of a polymeric binder which also serves as the fuel

Answer 150

● Designed to create a special effect either from smoke, light, heat or sound resulting from non-detonative self-sustaining exothermic reactions. ● Magnesium powder is usually used because of its high light-generating (white) properties, but aluminum may also be used if shelf life is considered.

Answer 151

Safety matches ● This type of match is of two parts, the box, and the matchstick. ● The matchstick contains fuel, usually antimony sulfide, and an oxidizer, such as potassium chlorate. ● The box has a special strip composed normally of red phosphorus, and ground glass to maximize heat generated by friction. Strike-anywhere matches ● Famously called Lucifer matches or Friction matches ● Can be ignited by striking them with basically any rough surface ● One thing that sets them apart from safety matches is that all needed components for the combustion reaction are on the matchstick including fuel, oxidizing agents, and ground glass.

Answer 152

● The explosives in these types of applications are powerful and accurate enough to do their intended use well while also being able to survive prolonged storage even in harsh climates to prevent jeopardizing the success of a military operation and the safety of military personnel.

Answer 153

● Formed by adding three NO2 groups in stages to toluene to form the symmetrical 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, to be used as a pale yellow dye. ● One of its major setbacks was its high activating energy

Answer 154

● 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine ● Can be detonated by friction or spark but mostly by a primary explosive such as mercury fulminate or potassium chlorate.

Answer 155

● 2,4,6-trinitrophenol ● A strong acid and forms very sensitive salts with metals

Answer 156

● Also called Ammonium perchlorate or Dunnite ● A salt of picric acid ● Commonly used as a bursting charge for armor-piercing shells

Answer 157

● Pentaerythritol tetranitrate or PETN ● One of the most powerful high explosives ● Degrades slower and is less shock sensitive than nitroglycerine but is more reactive and sensitive than TNT.

Answer 158

● A code name meaning Research Department eXplosive, RDX is essentially sym-cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine.

Answer 159

● Encased usually by aluminum or steel as it creates a super sensitive explosive when in contact with copper and is known to react with alloys of zinc and cadmium. ● Because of its resistance to shock and its overall stability, it does not detonate easily.

Answer 160

● A common primary explosive, it is usually used in combination with lead azide in the military, police, and civilian firearms as a primer.

Answer 161

● Substances specially designed to cause the combustion of combustible materials in the target perimeter. ● These weapons take advantage of human’s inert and ancient fear of fire. ● An incendiary may take the form of bombs, artillery shells, or grenades. ● Combination of materials results in a fire that burns intensely and is hard to put out by water alone.

Answer 162

● Those that exploit the lethal forces of nature and are considered by some as the most inhumane weapons for war.

Answer 163

● Those used to produce a fog-like atmosphere. ● Done for various purposes such as to obscure the view of an area to conceal troop operations or artillery placement, to mark a specific area, for distraction, and many more.

Answer 164

★ Choking agents - target the pulmonary system of its victims, mainly the lungs. ★ Blood agents - utilize cyanide to prevent the transfer of oxygen from the blood to the body tissues. ★ Nerve agents - destabilizes the central nervous system by causing an excess of acetylcholine in the body (but with enough exposure may affect other bodily functions). ★ Blister agents - cause burns and blisters to the skin and require overall body equipment for protection.

Answer 165

- one of the key sectors that involves application of a thin layer of material to a surface to protect it from corrosion.

Answer 166

- any material that may be applied as a thin continuous layer to a surface.

Answer 167

- a mixture or dispersion of opaque pigments or powders in a liquid or vehicle used for decorative and protective purposes.

Answer 168

1. Base - body of the paint made up of a solid material that has been finely ground. 2. Vehicle - resin dissolved in a solvent and dries to create a strong coating that adheres the pigment to the surface. 3. Pigment - in charge of giving paint its color. 4. Thinner - solvent added to paint to make paint application convenient, smooth and homogeneous. 5. Extenders (fillers) - enhance or extend the volume of the paint 6. Drier - speed-up the drying of the paint's vehicle 7. Additive - added in a tiny amount to enhance features of the paint

Answer 169

PVC = volume of pigment in paint/(volume of pigment in paint + volume of nonvolatile vehicle constituents in paints)

Answer 170

(a) Measures of ingredients - ingredients are measured and weighed on scales using calibrated vats (b) Preparation and pigment dispersion - Pigments are added. - These particles are tiny and produce clumps when they stay together. - They are broken down by the resin and additives that keep them from sticking together. Paint Mixer is then used. (c) Let-down - additives, resin, and solvent are combined in a large vat - mill-base is stirred and if needed, some final additions are added (d) Laboratory Testing - Factors considered: critical ingredients, degree of mixing, tint strength, color, gloss, dry time, viscosity and the general appearance (e) Canning - two (2) samples are taken— a retained sample and final inspection sample. - Manufactured Products ready? Dispatch then.

Answer 171

- the failure of paint to resist wear can be associated with several causes, such as chalking, flaking, alligatoring, checking, and normal wearing

Answer 172

- powdering of the paint film from the surface inward that is caused by continued and destructive oxidation of the oil after the original drying of the paint.

Answer 173

- very rapid chalking

Answer 174

- due to poor attachment of the paint to the surface being covered and is usually attributed to dirt or grease on the surface or to water entering from behind the paint.

Answer 175

- form of peeling in which the center portion of the section starting to peel remains attached to the surface

Answer 176

- denoted a very fine type of surface cracking

Answer 177

- gradual removal of paint from surface by the elements, leaving a smooth surface

Answer 178

- Colored (organic and inorganic insoluble compounds) - Commonly employed to give color in surface coatings ink, plastic, rubber, ceramic, paper, and linoleum industries

Answer 179

● Non-pigmented paints that dry to a hard-gloss, semi-gloss, or flat transparent coating ● Produced by heating drying oil and resin ● Processes: solvent evaporation, oxidation, and polymerization

Answer 180

● Intended to hold the pigment particles together ● Provide adhesion to surface paint e.g. Phenolic, Alkyd, Ester gum, Epoxy, Synthetic

Answer 181

● Organic solvent-based solution of a hard-linear polymer ● Dries through simple solvent evaporation Advantage: Quick-drying speed ● Applications: i. Automotive, ii. Furniture, iii. Metal finishes, iv. Rubber, textile treatments

Answer 182

A. Industrial Coatings B. Marine Anti-Fouling - used to protect boats, ships, and other marine structures from fouling organisms (Barnacles, Mussels, and Algae) that attach themselves to the underwater surfaces. - Some base-coatings (Copper, Zinc, Silicon) C. Printing Inks - transfer images and text onto substrates (paper, cardboard, plastic) - Types: Solvent-based, Water-based, UV Curable

Answer 183

1. Refining and Milling 2. Canning 3. Concentration 4. Freezing 5. Drying 6. Pasteurization and Sterilization 7. Fermentation 8. Irradiation 9. Packaging

Answer 184

- process of converting sugar obtained from its plant source (such as sugar cane or sugar beets) to the common food product, refined sugar.

Answer 185

- process of converting grain into flour. A small amount of water is added to prevent the outer part of the kernel from pulverizing.

Answer 186

- allows long-term storages of these foods by sealing food into the container, and heat treating the entire thing to cook the food and sterilize the container. - one of the main objectives in processing is to destroy the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.

Answer 187

- food that naturally contains a high percentage of water such as milk and oranges may be partially dehydrated as a preservation method.

Answer 188

- freezing food very quickly and kept at temperatures low enough to prevent ice crystal formation - does not kill the microorganisms present in food but does inactivate them

Answer 189

- high-temperature short-time (HTST) method which exposes the milk to 73°C for not less than 16 s, followed by rapid cooling - this method does not kill all the bacteria present, so the product must be kept under refrigeration until used

Answer 190

- completely inactivate all microorganisms, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic

Answer 191

- decomposition of carbohydrates, while putrefaction involves the action of microorganisms on protein - produces carbon dioxide with no putrid odor, while putrefaction produces sulfur-containing protein products and hydrogen sulfide, giving that nasty smell

Answer 192

- The ionizing radiation sends enough energy into the bacterial or mold cells in the food to break chemical bonds. - This damages the pathogens enough for them to die or no longer multiply, which reduces illness or spoilage.

Answer 193

- packaged to make it possible to ship and store it far from the place of production

Answer 194

(1) Chrome tanning, the general process is as follows: ● The cleaned hide is treated in the pickling bath. This is done to lower the pH of the hide, thus facilitating the penetration of the tanning agent into the skin substrate. ● Afterwards, the hides are soaked in a solution of sodium dichromate and then treated with sodium thiosulfate. ● From there, the hide is treated with borax (Na2[B4O5(OH)4]·8H2O) to set the chrome salts on the fiber. ● Washing then completes the tanning process. (2) Vegetable tanning on the other hand utilizes tannins (water-soluble polyphenolic compounds found in many plants)

Answer 195

Preparation of leather by vegetable tanning is a lengthy process requires two to four months, while chrome tanning requires only one to three weeks.

Answer 196

- organic nitrogenous, colloidal protein substances whose principal value depend on their coagulative, protective, and adhesive powers. - animal gelatin is obtained by hydrolysis from collagen – white fibers of the connective tissues of the animal body, particularly the skin, bones, and tendons.

Answer 197

● Made by washing the skin, then swollen in hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, or sulfuric acid at pH 1.0 to 3.0. ● After swelling, the skins are washed and the pH is adjusted to 3.5 to 4.0, and then extracted with hot water. ● The first extraction is at 55 to 65°C and the last at 95 to 100°C. After the last extraction, the liquid is degreased, filtered, deionized, and concentrated.

Answer 198

● Usually made from bones ● The degreased bones are demineralized with 4 to 7% HCl over a 1- to 2-week period. ● The bones are agitated daily for 3 to 16 weeks in a lime slurry using lime pits or tanks. The mix is then washed for 15 to 30 hours, acidified to pH 5 using hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, or acetic acid, which is then extracted.

Answer 199

● Capable of holding materials together by surface attachment

Answer 200

1. Animal Glues 2. Other Protein Adhesives 3. Starch Adhesives 4. Synthetic-Resin Adhesives 5. Miscellaneous Adhesives

Answer 201

- almost identical with the manufacture of Type B gelatin - Procedures: The procedures include grinding the bones into small pieces, degreasing the material, liming and plumping, washing, making several extractions by hot water, up until drying the jelly slabs in a tunnel.

Answer 202

a milk-derived protein, is the basis of another large class of adhesives and can be made both water- and non-water resistant.

Answer 203

- less strength and lower water resistance than animal glues

Answer 204

- used where water resistance is required and/or other special conditions must be fulfilled. - Uses: ● Rigid Thermosets ● Rubbery Thermosets ● Thermoplastics ● Copolymers and Mixtures

Answer 205

- Inorganic adhesives include glasses and ceramics for very high temperature service and sodium silicate which is used for manufacturing corrugated boxes.

Answer 206

- pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers used for the management of agricultural land. - useful in controlling the population of pests, and also increasing product yields.

Answer 207

- any substance or product, or mixture thereof, including active ingredients, adjuvants, and pesticide formulations, intended to control, prevent, destroy, repel, mitigate directly or indirectly, any pest. - includes insecticide, fungicide, bactericide, nematocide, herbicide, molluscicide, avicide and the like

Answer 208

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

Answer 209

* Used to manage insect-infested agricultural areas or eradicate disease-carrying insects

Answer 210

1. Basic Chemistry 2. Modes of Penetration

Answer 211

* Stomach poisons- lethal to pests when ingested * Fumigants- target pests' respiratory system * Contact Poisons- lethal with simple body contact

Answer 212

- oldest known chemicals used for pest control. - can be used as livestock supplement, fertilizer or insecticide.

Answer 213

CuSO4 + Ca(OH)2

Answer 214

CuSO4 + Na2CO3

Answer 215

- insecticides derived from plants (natural insecticides) - plant products used tobacco, pyrethrum, derris, etc.

Answer 216

1. Pyrethrum 2. Nicotine 3. Rotenone

Answer 217

- botanical extract from the chrysanthemum - axonic poison, that is, it interferes with the electrical impulse transmission along the axons of the pest's brain. - greater efficacy at lower temperatures- making it especially effective at night.

Answer 218

- botanical extract from tobacco - especially used for soft-bodied (example: caterpillars) - insects exposed to nicotine may experience twitching, convulsions, and death

Answer 219

- produced from the roots of two legumes: Derris and Lonchocarpus - insecticide that poisons the stomach and is harmful to the touch -kills all fish at dosages that are relatively harmless to organisms that the fish feed on

Answer 220

1. Organochlorines 2. Organophosphates 3. Carbamates

Answer 221

- Other insecticides in this group include BHC, lindane, chlorobenzilate, methoxyclor, and cyclodienes.

Answer 222

- plant-juice sucking insects are their main targets - absorbed via the plants' leaves or through the roots - more toxic than the organochlorines

Answer 223

- same mechanism sa organophosphates - affects the central nervous system of the insects - examples of insecticides within this group are carbamyl, methomyl, and carbofuran

Answer 224

- not designed to directly eliminate pests - main goal: prevent pest-related damage by either repelling them or coaxing them into a trap

Answer 225

- do the opposite job of repellants - usually utilize sex pheromones to excite pests and trap them

Answer 226

- volatile pesticides that harm insects, nematodes, and other animals or plants that threaten stored food or seeds, human settlement, clothing and nursery stock

Answer 227

- pesticides dedicated to killing rodents - primary targets: mice and rats

Answer 228

- used to kill and control the fungi population - either applied to the seed or directly on the crop, that is, they remain in the plant tissue to provide protection from pathogens and pests

Answer 229

- useful in neutralizing harmful biological pest - can also be used as antifouling agents in industrial pipes to prevent mollusk accumulation or used to preserve lumber

Answer 230

- chemicals that eliminate weeds that compete with crops for sunlight, soil nutrients, and water

Answer 231

* Systematic herbicides- enter the plant's vascular system to tamper with its growth * Contact herbicides - eliminate the plant's parts upon contact

Answer 232

1. Selectivity 2. Method of Application 3. Timing of Application

Answer 233

* Selective - prevent the growth of selected plant species without affecting crops * Nonselective - affect any plant that it is applied to

Answer 234

* Soil Applied- mainly absorbed through the roots * Foliar Applied- absorbed through exposed tissues (leaves) of the weed

Answer 235

* Preplant- applied before crop planting * Pre-emergence- applied emergence of water seedlings * Post-emergence- applied after the growth of weeds

Answer 236

1. Urea 2. Ammonium Sulfate 3. Ammonium Phosphate 4. Di-ammonium phosphate 5. Complete 6. Muriate of potash

Answer 237

- contain at least one of the three most important elements in plant nutrition: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK)

Answer 238

1. Dry Granulation * Doesn't need water or a binder, instead, it relies on high pressure to clump the fertilizer together 2. Wet Granulation * Produces pellets with high moisture content since it needs water or a binder, hence, the product

Answer 239

1. Vehicle 2. Fixatives 3. Odoriferous Elements

Answer 240

● Used to dissolve and dilute perfume ingredients so they can be applied easily onto skin or clothing. ● Common solvents used in this field include ethanol (C2H5OH), derived from grains or sugar, and diethyl phthalate (DEP-C12H14O4), a synthetic solvent.

Answer 241

● Chemicals added to perfumes in order to preserve its scent and prevent it from evaporating too quickly

Answer 242

1. Animal Fixatives 2. Resinous Fixatives 3. Essential Oil Fixatives 4. Synthetic Fixative

Answer 243

1. Castoreum 2. Civet 3. Musk 4. Ambergris

Answer 244

- From beaver - Smells like vanilla with a hint of raspberry benzyl alcohol, acetophenone, l-borneol. castorin

Answer 245

- from perineal glands of civet cats - pale-yellow paste that has a distinctive smell - crude civet has skatole responsible for the disagreeable odor

Answer 246

sweet and floral odor

Answer 247

- from male musk deer - warm subtle scent defined by a complex range of powdery, sweet, woodsy and earthy aroma impressions caused by muskone

Answer 248

- least used, but probably best known - may be white, yellow, brown, black or variegated like marble

Answer 249

1. Hard Resins 2. Gums 3. Balsams 4. Oleoresins 5. Resinoids

Answer 250

- are solid, brittle, and translucent substances that are typically obtained from trees through tapping or incisions in the bark - contain terpenes with a woody, spicy, and balsamic aroma - myrrh and frankincense

Answer 251

- gum arabic and benzoin - water soluble substances derived from tree and plant exudates - have a delicate, sweet aroma and are commonly employed as binding agents in perfumery.

Answer 252

- Peru balsam and tolu balsam - viscous oily substances derived from tree bark or trunk - have a sweet, warm, vanilla-like aroma which is often featured in oriental and gourmand fragrances

Answer 253

- styrax and opoponax - thick, sticky substances derived from tree bark or wood - possess a strong, balsamic aroma with hints of smokey notes; they're frequently featured in masculine and woody fragrances

Answer 254

- labdanum and benzoin resinoid - created through solvent extraction of natural resins and gums - possess a warm, sweet, and amber-like odor which makes them popular base notes in floral and oriental fragrances.

Answer 255

● Some common essential oils used as fixatives in perfumery include patchouli, sandalwood, vetiver, cedarwood ● Have boiling points between 200-300 degC

Answer 256

● Can mimic the odor profile of natural fixatives and the scent of animal-derived fixatives, but are typically less expensive and more consistent in quality ● Triethyl citrate, dipropylene glycol and diethyl phthalate

Answer 257

Also referred to as aromatic compounds or fragrance notes, are the components that give a perfume its characteristic scent profile

Answer 258

1. Essential Oils 2. Isolate 3. Synthetic or Semisynthetic

Answer 259

● Complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by plants and extracted from their parts such as flowers, leaves, stems and roots ● Composed of various classes of compounds such as terpenes, terpenoids and phenylpropanoids which give them their characteristic aroma, flavor and biological effects ● Will ignite when exposed to an ignition source such as a flame or spark

Answer 260

1. Maceration 2. Enfleurage 3. Extraction with Volatile Solutions 4. Expression 5. Distillation with Steam

Answer 261

- a straightforward technique for extracting essential oils from plants with a solvent - an efficient and low-cost method of extracting essential oils from plants - may not be as efficient as other extraction techniques leading to higher impurities and lower concentrations of essential oils in the final extract.

Answer 262

- a traditional method of extracting essential oils from delicate flowers that are too fragile for other extraction methods - a labor-intensive and time-consuming method of extracting essential oils, and it is mostly used for rare and expensive flowers, such as jasmine and tuberose

Answer 263

- also known as cold pressing or mechanical pressing - involves squeezing or pressing the plant material to release its essential oils. - typically used for citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and grapefruits

Answer 264

● A single aromatic compound that has been isolated from either natural or synthetic sources. ● Isolates can be employed to add specific notes to a fragrance or enhance certain scents.

Answer 265

1. Citral 2. Linalool 3. Eugenol 4. Isoamyl acetate 5. Benzyl acetate

Answer 266

A lemon-scented isolate found in essential oils of lemongrass and lemon myrtle.

Answer 267

A floral-scented isolate found in essential oils of lavender, rosewood, and coriander.

Answer 268

A spicy-scented isolate found in the essential oil of clove.

Answer 269

A fruity-scented isolate found in banana and pear essential oils.

Answer 270

An aromatic isolate found in essential oils of jasmine, ylang-ylang and gardenia

Answer 271

1. Condensation 2. Esterification 3. Grignard 4. Nitration 5. Oxidation 6. Miscellaneous/ Others

Answer 272

A reaction where two or more molecules combine to create one larger molecule, and remove any smaller ones such as water

Answer 273

A chemical reaction in which alcohol and carboxylic acids react to create an ester and water.

Answer 274

A chemical reaction in which an organic halide reacts with magnesium metal in anhydrous alcohol to create a Grignard agent.

Answer 275

This reagent is useful for synthesizing various organic compounds, such as aldehydes, alcohols, and ketones and it is also used for semisynthetic fragrance compounds, such as alcohols and ketones.

Answer 276

A compound containing a benzene ring, such as toluene or benzene, is reacted with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids. The reaction results in the substitution of a hydrogen atom on the benzene ring with a nitro group (-NO2).

Answer 277

A chemical reaction in which oxygen is added to an organic compound. - Citronellol, for example, can be oxidized to make citral. It has a lemon-like smell.

Answer 278

There are many manufacturing processes that can be used to create synthetic and semi-synthetic perfumes and flavor compounds such as hydrogenation, dehydrogenation and sulfonation.

Answer 279

● Produces a range of flavors to enhance food and beverage tastes ● These recipes use both natural and synthetic ingredients, including essential oils for sweet, sour, salty, and bitter tastes ● Like perfume industry industries rely heavily on aromatic compounds for their creations.

Answer 280

The water content of the fruit is removed to create natural fruit concentrates

Answer 281

1. Harvesting 2. Curing 3. Pre-Treatment: washing, sorting, blanching, freezing 4. Drying ● Sun drying ● Oven drying ● Artificial dying 5. Sweetening 6. Extraction

Answer 282

1. Harvesting and Fermentation 2. Drying 3. Roasting 4. Grinding and Pressing 5. Conching 6. Tempering 7. Flavoring and Molding

Answer 283

1. Fermentation 2. Acid Hydrolysis 3. Neutralization 4. Crystallization 5. Purification

Answer 284

● Chemical substances added to food to improve its taste, appearance, texture and shelf life. ● They're widely used in the food industry to enhance sensory qualities of products as well as maintain their quality during storage and transportation.

Answer 285

Essential oils are called "essential" because they contain the essence of the plant's fragrance and flavor. They are highly concentrated extracts obtained from various parts of plants such as flowers, leaves, roots, and bark.

Answer 286

1. Esters 2. Alcohols 3. Aldehydes 4. Acids 5.Phenols 6. Ketones 7. Esters 8. Lactones 9. Terpenes 10. Hydrocarbons

Answer 287

- mixtures of the glycerides of various fatty acids - made up of molecules known as triglycerides, which are esters consisting of three fatty acid units connected to glycerol.

Answer 288

- mixed esters of higher polyhydric alcohols, other than glycerol, and fatty acids

Answer 289

- differ from one another in terms of their fatty acid composition as well as their non glyceridic content which includes phenols, sterols, tocopherols, and squalene.

Answer 290

1. Cottonseed Oil 2. Soybean Oil 3. Linseed Oil 4. Coconut Oil 5. Corn Oil 6. Palm Oil 7. Peanut Oil 8. Tung oil

Answer 291

● Derived from the seeds of the cotton plant syempre ● Has a 2:1 ratio of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids ● Cholesterol-free

Answer 292

1. Oil Pressing Method - mechanical squeezing 2. Solvent Extraction Method - extracting cottonseed oil from the treated cottonseed cake by the principle of solvent and oildissolving

Answer 293

- produced from the seeds of the soybean plant low in saturated fat and high in unsaturated (healthy) fats - rich source of omega-3s which affect cardiovascular health and may reduce blood pressure

Answer 294

● Hot Pressing - usually done on elevated temperatures of 60-250 deg C ● Cold Pressing - opposite sa hot pressing, usually at room temperatures of 20-25 deg C

Answer 295

- also called as flaxseed oil because it is a vegetable oil made from the seeds of flax plant

Answer 296

- a good source of antioxidants, which help neutralize damaging molecules called free radicals.

Answer 297

● Copra Drying- hot air of about 75-80 degrees is generated using an air heater and pumped into a hopper using a centrifugal blower. ● Copra Cutting- it is cut into small pieces of about 1 inch size. ● Copra Roasting/Cooking- copra pieces are then roasted for about 1 hour in a steam jacketed vessel with continuous agitation. A bit of steam is also sprayed into copra for better cooking. ● Copra Crushing/Oil Extraction- dried and roasted copra pieces are now fed into an expeller with screw press for mechanical crushing under high pressure. ● Coconut Oil Filtering- oil extracted through expeller will have about 8% sediments. They are separated from oil through a 3 stage filtering process i.e. coarse filtering by vibrating screen, main filtering through filter press and fine filtering through filter press.

Answer 298

- has a very high smoke point (the temperature at which oil begins to burn) of about 450°F (232°C), making it ideal for deep-frying foods

Answer 299

● Cleaning and conditioning- the corn kernels are cleaned and prepared for processing. ● Degermination- The germ is separated from the rest of the kernel and this can be done using either dry or wet milling methods. ● Extraction: The oil is extracted from the germ using a mechanical press or solvent extraction. In mechanical pressing, the oil is squeezed out of the germ using pressure. In solvent extraction, a chemical solvent such as hexane is used to extract the oil. ● Refining: The crude oil is then refined to remove impurities, such as free fatty acids, phospholipids, and pigments. ● Packaging: The refined oil is then packaged and shipped for distribution and sale.

Answer 300

- semi-solid because it contains roughly 50% saturated fatty acids and 50% unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 301

1. Harvesting 2. Sterilization 3. Threshing 4. Pressing 5. Clarification 6. Purification 7. Fractionation

Answer 302

- Produced by either the hydraulic press or the Anderson expeller from de skinned peanuts. - This high heat oil has a smoke point of about 450°F. - Peanut oil is also high in monounsaturated fat, and it contains phytosterols that can block absorption of cholesterol.

Answer 303

- Produced by harvesting these types of nuts and separating the nuts from their hard outer shells. - Then the transparent oil is squeezed from the seeds inside. Dried and pressed yield about twenty percent oil.

Answer 304

1. Hydrogenation - Process that reduces unsaturated fatty acid content of triglycerides by attaching hydrogen atoms at the point of unsaturation in the presence of a catalyst. - Accomplishes two things: increased melting point of the oil or fat and resistance to oxidation and flavor deterioration. 2. Deodorization - Removes free fatty acids and volatile components present in crude edible oil at this stage of processing. These unwanted substances negatively affect the odor, flavor, color and stability of the final product.

Answer 305

1. Neatsfoot oil 2. Whale Oil 3. Cod-liver oil 4. Shark-liver oil 5. Fish oil 6. Lard

Answer 306

Yellow oil derived from the skin and feet bones of bovine animals

Answer 307

Oil that has been extracted from a whale's blubber through the process of boiling strips or slabs of the whale's blubber and extracting the oil that comes out of it.

Answer 308

Originally prepared by storing fish in barrels and allowing them to rot until the oil floated to the top.

Answer 309

Produced from several species of deep sea sharks' livers. SLO is a major natural source of squalene, a natural organic compound, and alkylglycerols, compounds that may fight cancer

Answer 310

Comes from many types of fish. It is rich in two important omega-3 fatty acids called eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Answer 311

- produced by the rendering of hog fat. - lard oil is the most important of the animal oils and is expressed from white grease, an inedible lard. Lard has been fundamentally upgraded by modern chemical conversions, interesterification and isomerization.

Answer 312

- formation of isomeric unsaturated fatty acids - In the chemical process of isomerization, the number of atoms in a molecule does not change, but the arrangement of the atoms does.

Answer 313

Chemical process that involves rearranging the fatty acids on a triglyceride molecule the fatty acids on the triglyceride molecule are exchanged with fatty acids from another source, such as a different triglyceride or a free fatty acid.

Answer 314

1. Beeswax 2. Carnauba Wax 3. Spermaceti 4. Ozocerite 5. Paraffin wax

Answer 315

Produced from a gland in the abdomen of honeybees and is excreted to create the hive itself.

Answer 316

- acquired from the leaf of the carnauba palm tree - serves as a protective layer that shields the leaves from heat, UV rays, and water.

Answer 317

- the oil removed from the head cavity and parts of the blubber of the sperm whale is in reality a wax because of its chemical composition.

Answer 318

- naturally occurring mineral wax that consists of hydrocarbons, originally derived from veins in sandstones

Answer 319

- a by-product of heating or distilling petroleum, also known as crude oil.

2ND LONG QUIZ Flashcards

(345 cards)