2nd Quarter Midterm

Question 1

what does lymphatic system do?

Answer 1

organs and tissues collect excess fluid and return it to blood + helps fight pathogens

Question 2

how does the lymphatic system work?

Answer 2

lymph capillaries absorb lymph (fluid and particles absorbed between cells). lymph capillaries carries lymph into lymphatic vessels. skeletal muscles squeeze vessels to force lymph through lymphatic system, valves inside lymphatic vessels prevent backflow. lymph drains into the large neck veins of cardiovascular system

Question 3

stages of mitosis in order

Answer 3

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

Question 4

what happens during interphase?

Answer 4

DNA is copied

Question 5

what happens during prophase?

Answer 5

chromosomes condense into thick strands

Question 6

what happens during metaphase?

Answer 6

longest stage (20 min.) chromosomes allign in center of cell

Question 7

what happens during anaphase?

Answer 7

the thick stands made in metaphase get pulled apart

Question 8

what happens during telophase?

Answer 8

the cell splits into two

Question 9

difference between meiosis and mitosis

Answer 9

meiosis = haploid, results in 4 cells, mitosis = diploid, results in 2 cells

Question 10

3 shapes of bacteria

Answer 10

rods (bacilli) , spheres (cocci), spirals (spirilla)

Question 11

benefit of each bacteria shape

Answer 11

bacilli (rods) - large surface area to take in nutrients. cocci (spheres) - don’t dry out quickly. spirilla (spirals) - use flagella at both ends to move like cork screw

Question 12

how are archaebacteria different from bacteria

Answer 12

archaebacteria can survive extreme climates where nothing else lives (heat lovers, salt lovers, methane makers)

Question 13

3 types of blood cells

Answer 13

red, white, platelets

Question 14

benefits of shape of each blood cell

Answer 14

red blood cells - large surface area to help absorb oxygen. white - don’t have an exact shape, change shape to squeeze out of blood vessels and move around in tissues. platelets - change shape and clump with other platelets to prevent blood loss

Question 15

function of each red blood cells

Answer 15

transports oxygen throughout body

Question 16

function of platelets

Answer 16

clump together when you get a cut to prevent blood loss

Question 17

function of white blood cells

Answer 17

destroy pathogens (bacteria, viruses, etc.) and help clean wounds

Question 18

how do vaccines help

Answer 18

when you get a vaccination, they give you a weakened version of the virus. that way, when you get the actually virus, your immune system already has the blueprints it needs to fight it off.

Question 19

why are males more likely to get sex-linked disorders

Answer 19

has to do with obtaining traits on your x chromosome. since women have 2 x chromosomes, they’re more likely to obtain the trait than men who have one chromosomes. they kinda… get 2 chances, ig. ex: trait to see color

Question 20

what is a carrier

Answer 20

someone capable of passing on a genetic mutation / disease without experiencing the symptoms for themselves

Question 21

what does bone marrow do

Answer 21

makes blood cells

Question 22

two types of bone marrow

Answer 22

red, which makes red and white blood cells, and yellow, which is mostly fat.

Question 23

five parts of integumentary system

Answer 23

hair, skin, sweat, nails, oil glands

Question 24

what are osteoclasts

Answer 24

bone breakers (breaks down bone so it can be remade)

Question 25

what are osteoblasts

Answer 25

bone builders (makes bone)

Question 26

how blood travels through body

Answer 26

1) oxygen poor blood from body enters right atrium. oxygen filled blood enters left atrium. 2) when atria contract, blood is squeezed into the ventricles. 3) while atria relax, ventricles contract and push blood out of heart. blood from right ventricle goes to lungs, and blood from the left side goes to the rest of the body.

Question 27

3 kinds of blood vessels.

Answer 27

arteries, capalaries, veins

Question 28

what 3 kinds of blood vessels do

Answer 28

arteries - carries blood away from heart. capalaries - allows nutrients, oxygen, etc to leave blood and get to body's cells, and carbon dioxide and other wastes to leave body cells and be carried away by blood. vein - carries blood back to heart

Question 29

3 types of joints and their functions

Answer 29

gliding - allows bones in area to glide over each other, ball and socket - move in all directions, hinge - extend + flex (door)

Question 30

how food goes through digestive system

Answer 30

food passes through digestive tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small instestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.) chew, saliva changes complex carbohydrates into simple sugars, tongue pushes into throat down to the esophagus, esophagus squeezes food down using muscle contractions called peristalsis, food is forced into stomach, stomach squeezes food with muscle contractions, enzymes and acids are formed and break food into nutrients, makes soupy mixture called chyme, chmye is slowly released by valve into small intestine, mixes chyme with fluids from liver and pancreas. large instestine stores, compacts, eliminates indigestable material from body. changes soupy undigestable material to semisolid waste. travels to rectum where it is stored until leaving through the anus

Question 31

where do nutrients come out?

Answer 31

nutrients are absorbed through bloodstream, not needed right away = stored in liver

Question 32

where does water go?

Answer 32

water lost through sweat and urine

Question 33

difference between mechanical and chemical digestion

Answer 33

chem = large molecules are broken down into nutrients mech = breaking, crushing, mashing of food

Question 34

what do catalysts do

Answer 34

speed up breaking down of food molecules into smaller particles body can use (?)

Question 35

how immune system protects body

Answer 35

protects body by fighting off harmful substances and germs.

Question 36

what do white blood cells do to fight diseases

Answer 36

some squeeze out of blood vessels and move around tissues, destroying pathogens when they see them. others release antibodies, or chemicals that can identify and destroy pathogens

Question 37

only bacteria that photosynthesizes

Answer 37

cyanobacteria

Question 38

blood type A can receive/ donate to

Answer 38

receive : A, O donate : A, AB

Question 39

blood type B can receive/ donate to

Answer 39

receive: B, O donate: B, AB

Question 40

blood type AB can receive/ donate to

Answer 40

receive: all donate: AB only

Question 41

blood type O can receive/ donate to

Answer 41

receive: O donate: all

Question 42

are all fungi decomposers? role of fungi

Answer 42

some are parasites, some decompose, some consume by secreting digestive juices onto food source. fungi can help us (cheese, bread, soy sauce), and harm us (athlete's foot)