2nd Year Entry Exam

Question 1

absolute

Answer 1

a construction detached grammatically from the main clause but modifying the main clause

Question 2

Adverbial

Answer 2

functioning like an adverb - modifying a verb

Question 3

Adjectival

Answer 3

functioning like an adjective - modifying a noun or other substantive

Question 4

Agent (agency)

Answer 4

the thing responsible for performing the action - primary (υπο) , secondary / intermediate (δια) or instrumental (εν / dative)

Question 5

Anarthrous

Answer 5

without the article

Question 6

Apodosis

Answer 6

the ‘then’ or consequence clause of a conditional construction, or the independent clause in a sentence which has a conditional-like clause ‘whoever’

Question 7

Apposition

Answer 7

a semantic relationship whereby on item defines another, established through an appositional genitive, nominative or accusative and the use of an infinitive. Appositional expresses a relationship for nouns, an epexegetical one for verbs.

Question 8

Arthrous

Answer 8

with the article

Question 9

Articular

Answer 9

with the article

Question 10

Aspect (verbal)

Answer 10

a semantic category which governs verb tense-form usage in greek e.g aorist used for the perfective aspect

Question 11

Asyndeton

Answer 11

a construction in which clause are joined without the use of connecting particles of conjunctions

Question 12

Attributive

Answer 12

a syntactical structure whereby a quality or attribute is considered part of what another item is by nature

Question 13

Auxiliary (verb)

Answer 13

like ειμι which helps another verb like a participle to form a complete verbal unit … necessary in periphrastic verbal constructions

Question 14

Case

Answer 14

the use of different forms of a given substantive to show its with other words in a basic sentence structure.

Question 15

Clause

Answer 15

a complete grammatical construction consisting of one or more phrases - they can be independent / dependent (subordinate)

Question 16

Complement

Answer 16

the element which completes or complements a predicate, often associated with the subject of the main verb and normally consists of at least one phrase

Question 17

Completive

Answer 17

any element that completes another element in a sentence - like an object being the completive of a verb

Question 18

Conjugation

Answer 18

the display of forms of a verb

Question 19

Conjunction

Answer 19

a word that joins other words or clause - coordinating e.g ‘and’, ‘but’ OR subordinating e.g ‘while’, ‘if’

Question 20

Constative

Answer 20

a label given to verbs or certain usage of verbs that are said to treat an action in its entirety - start to finish

Question 21

Declension

Answer 21

a pattern of various forms of a substantive indicating gender, number and case

Question 22

Definite Article

Answer 22

a word modifying a substantive indicating it as particular or unique - ‘the’

Question 23

Deliberative

Answer 23

referring to thought, consideration or intent

Question 24

Demonstrative

Answer 24

words used to refer to a particular person or group - ‘this’ / ‘that’ - ‘ουτος’ / ‘εκεινος’

Question 25

Deponent

Answer 25

a word used to describe verbs that appear middle or passive in form but are active in meaning - like ερχομαι

Question 26

Desiderative

Answer 26

expressing desire, usually in the form of mild desire

Question 27

Enclitic

Answer 27

description of a small group of words that rely on the preceding word for their accent

Question 28

Epexegetic

Answer 28

a semantic relationship whereby one item defines another

Question 29

Gnomic

Answer 29

term characterising an event as continuous or recurring over time - usually events in nature

Question 30

Hortatory

Answer 30

characterised by language designed to direct, incite or encourage

Question 31

Imperfective

Answer 31

a verbale aspect used to describe an action as in process expressed in the present and imperfect tenses

Question 32

Inceptive

Answer 32

expressing the beginning of an action

Question 33

Inferential

Answer 33

pointing to a logical conclusion to be drawn from another action

Question 34

Infinitive

Answer 34

embodies the verbal idea in the form of a noun; a verbal noun

Question 35

Inflection (inflected language)

Answer 35

the sets of endings which languages such as Greek attach to their words to distinquish various semantic and syntactical categories and relations

Question 36

Ingressive

Answer 36

expressing the beginning of an action

Question 37

Instrumental

Answer 37

expressing the means or agent by which an action is completed

Question 38

Intransitive

Answer 38

verbs which make sense without need of an object or complement

Question 39

Iterative

Answer 39

expressing repetition of an action

Question 40

Modal

Answer 40

related to mood

Question 41

Mood

Answer 41

the label given to the forms used to indicate the speakers view of an actions relation to reality / certainty: definite = indicative, might = subjunctive, command = imperative, wishful = optative ... infinitive and participle are non-indicative moods.

Question 42

Number

Answer 42

the distinction between singular and plural in both substantives and verbs

Question 43

Paradigm

Answer 43

a model or pattern often used to refer to a list of inflected forms of a given morphological category such as verbs or substantives

Question 44

Participle

Answer 44

embodies the verbal idea in the form of an adjective - a verbal adjective

Question 45

Partitive

Answer 45

describing the function of a word or phrase which refers to a part of a larger whole - e.g 'some of the people'

Question 46

Perfective

Answer 46

a verbal aspect used to describe an action as whole or complete, expressed by the aorist tense

Question 47

Periphrastic

Answer 47

1. ειμι + a participle | 2. any means by which one statement may be a substitute for another

Question 48

Person

Answer 48

a quality of verbs which indicates that the speaker is: the subject (1st), another person (2nd) or the thing spoken about (3rd).

Question 49

Phrase

Answer 49

a group of words forming a syntactical unit which may constitute: subject + predicate + complement e.t.c. Phrases can be noun / nominal, verbal, prepositional e.t.c.

Question 50

Post positive

Answer 50

not occurring in the first position in a sentence

Question 51

Predicate

Answer 51

1. A structure whereby a quality or attribute is given to another item, usually given by the predicated item not falling within the range of the substantive and its article 2. The functional name for the verbal part of a clause consisting of a verb phrase.

Question 52

Preposition

Answer 52

a word belonging to a group of particles often used to aid the cases in their function by joining a noun phrase to other words in a clause. They take objects and govern cases.

Question 53

Proleptic

Answer 53

referring to, looking to the future

Question 54

Protasis

Answer 54

the 'if' or supposition clause of a conditional construction or the dependent clause in a sentence that has a conditional like clause

Question 55

Punctiliar

Answer 55

expressing momentary or point like action.

Question 56

Purpose

Answer 56

the intention behind or reason for another action. Purpose often overlaps with result, because to intend an action means that something comes about as a result

Question 57

Relative Pronoun

Answer 57

a pronoun serving to link a subordinate clause to a substantive e.g the man 'who'

Question 58

Result

Answer 58

the results or consequences of another action. Results often overlap with purpose because to bring about a result means to bring about what was intended.

Question 59

Sentence

Answer 59

A syntactical unit consisting of one or more phrases, at least one of them an independent clause

Question 60

Subordination

Answer 60

The grammatical means by which dependent relations especially between clauses are indicated

Question 61

Substantive

Answer 61

A term given to any word that might be used like a noun

Question 62

Syntax

Answer 62

A grammatical term concerned with the order of words, phrase and other elements and the meaning relationships they enter into

Question 63

Telic

Answer 63

Describing the intention behind or reason for another action

Question 64

Transitive

Answer 64

Transitive verbs require direct objects to make sense

Question 65

Voice

Answer 65

A semantic category used to describe the relation of the agent to its action. Voice indicates whether the subject is acting or being acted upon: active = subject acting, middle = subject acts on itself, passive = action done to the subject.

Question 66

Volitive

Answer 66

Describes a wish, a volitive is a mild form of command