2REVIEW

Question 2

What is the role of Sertoli cells?

Answer 2

Nourish developing sperm; regulated by FSH.

Question 3

What is the role of interstitial (Leydig) cells?

Answer 3

Produce testosterone; regulated by LH.

Question 4

What hormone triggers ovulation?

Answer 4

Luteinizing hormone (LH).

Question 5

What hormone stimulates follicle development?

Answer 5

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Question 6

What does estrogen do in the female body?

Answer 6

Develops endometrial lining and secondary sex characteristics.

Question 7

What does progesterone do?

Answer 7

Maintains endometrial lining for pregnancy.

Question 8

What is the zona pellucida?

Answer 8

A protein layer around the egg that the sperm must penetrate.

Question 9

What is cleavage in embryonic development?

Answer 9

Rapid mitotic cell divisions of the zygote.

Question 10

What is a morula?

Answer 10

A solid ball of cells formed from cleavage.

Question 11

What is a blastocyst?

Answer 11

A hollow ball of cells that implants into the uterus.

Question 12

What does the trophoblast become?

Answer 12

The placenta.

Question 13

What does the inner cell mass become?

Answer 13

The embryo.

Question 14

What is implantation?

Answer 14

When the blastocyst embeds into the uterine lining.

Question 15

What hormone maintains the corpus luteum?

Answer 15

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin).

Question 16

What does the amnion do?

Answer 16

Forms the amniotic sac and protects the embryo.

Question 17

What is the role of the yolk sac?

Answer 17

Provides early blood cells.

Question 18

What does the allantois become?

Answer 18

Part of the umbilical cord.

Question 19

What is the function of the chorion?

Answer 19

Forms the fetal part of the placenta and produces hCG.

Question 20

What does the placenta do?

Answer 20

Allows nutrient, gas, and waste exchange between mother and fetus.

Question 21

How many arteries and veins are in the umbilical cord?

Answer 21

2 arteries (deoxygenated), 1 vein (oxygenated).

Question 22

What does oxytocin do?

Answer 22

Triggers uterine contractions and milk release.

Question 23

What does prolactin do?

Answer 23

Stimulates milk production.

Question 24

What are the 3 primary germ layers?

Answer 24

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

Question 25

What does the ectoderm become?

Answer 25

Skin and nervous system.

Question 26

What does the mesoderm become?

Answer 26

Muscles, bones, reproductive system.

Question 27

What does the endoderm become?

Answer 27

Digestive and respiratory linings.

Question 28

What are teratogens?

Answer 28

Substances that cause birth defects (e.g. alcohol, drugs).

Question 29

What is IVF?

Answer 29

In vitro fertilization—egg is fertilized outside the body.

Question 30

What hormone is detected by pregnancy tests?

Answer 30

hCG.

Question 31

What marks the beginning of fetal development?

Answer 31

Week 9, after the embryonic stage ends.

Question 32

What happens during the first trimester?

Answer 32

Rapid cell division, gastrulation, organ formation, and high sensitivity to teratogens.

Question 33

What is the embryo called after 8 weeks?

Answer 33

A fetus.

Question 34

What are the key features of the second trimester?

Answer 34

Organs mature, bones form, brain grows, fetal movement felt, lanugo covers skin.

Question 35

When can fetal sex usually be determined?

Answer 35

Around week 18–20 by ultrasound.

Question 36

What is lanugo?

Answer 36

A fine layer of hair covering the fetus’ skin for protection.

Question 37

What happens in the third trimester?

Answer 37

Rapid growth, fat accumulation, lung/digestive maturation, brain development.

Question 38

What does the amnion do?

Answer 38

Forms the fluid-filled sac that cushions and protects the fetus.

Question 39

What is the chorion?

Answer 39

Outer membrane that helps form the placenta and secretes hCG.

Question 40

What is the function of the allantois?

Answer 40

Helps form the umbilical cord and manage early waste.

Question 41

What is the yolk sac responsible for?

Answer 41

Early digestive tract and red blood cell formation.

Question 42

What are the parts of the umbilical cord?

Answer 42

2 arteries (deoxygenated blood to placenta), 1 vein (oxygenated blood to fetus).

Question 43

What is the placenta responsible for?

Answer 43

Nutrient/gas/waste exchange between maternal and fetal blood.

Question 44

What is a teratogen?

Answer 44

A substance that causes developmental defects in embryos.

Question 45

Give examples of teratogens.

Answer 45

Alcohol (FAS), thalidomide, accutane, nicotine.

Question 46

Why is the first trimester critical?

Answer 46

Major organs form and teratogens can cause the most harm.

Question 47

What is chorionic villus sampling (CVS)?

Answer 47

Prenatal genetic test using placental tissue around 10–12 weeks.

Question 48

What is amniocentesis?

Answer 48

Prenatal test that samples amniotic fluid for genetic disorders after 14–16 weeks.

Question 49

What is the purpose of fetal breathing practice?

Answer 49

Prepares the lungs for post-birth breathing.

Question 50

When does surfactant production in the lungs begin?

Answer 50

Around week 36–37.

Question 51

What happens to male testes during the third trimester?

Answer 51

They descend into the scrotum.

Question 52

When is a fetus considered full term?

Answer 52

At 37 weeks of development.

Question 53

What is morphogenesis?

Answer 53

The development of body structure and shape.

Question 54

What is differentiation?

Answer 54

When cells become specialized for specific functions.

Question 55

What are the main processes during embryogenesis?

Answer 55

Fertilization, cleavage, implantation, gastrulation, morphogenesis.