3/12 UWORLD- test # 38 Flashcards
(35 cards)
Q 1. How does neural crest cells migrate for gut development? (direction? following what tract?)
migrates caudally, following vagal nerve fibers
Q 2. What is galactocele?
cyst filled with breastmilk, located in mammary glands. seen during pregnancy or breastfeeding
Q 3. Chromosome location?
- WT1
- WT2
- NF-1
- NF-2
- RB
- c-MYC
- WT1: 11
- WT2: 11
- NF1: 17
- NF2: 22
- RB: 13
- c-MYC: 8
Q 4. What ethnic group has the highest bone density?
African American
Q 4. How is body weight related with bone mass? what about exercise?
- lower body weight, more risk for developing osteoporosis (may be due to estrogen, less fat, less aromatase, less estrogen)
- more weight bearing exercise, better bone mass
Q 5. How elderly patients get modified dose of digoxin? why?
lower dose, due to decreased renal clearance
digoxin is renally excreted
Q 6. How does adrenal insufficiency change volume state of
- osmorality
- ECF
- ICF
- osmolarity: decrease (less aldo)
- ECF: decrease (less sodium/water retention)
- ICF: increase (less concentrated ECF, more concentrated ICF is pulling water into intracellular, exacerbating ECF volume loss)
Q 11. What is episiotomy? Episiotomy cuts through what muscle?
Episiotomy refers to vertical incision from posteior vaginal opening to perineal body
It is performed to facilitate delivery.
Q 12. What are two congenital long QT syndrome? Differences?
- Romano-Ward syndrome: just long QT, autosomal dominant
- Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome: long QT + sensorineuronal deafness, autosomal recessive
Q 13. anatomy: what is atrioventricular groove? which vessel is located on it?
atrioventricular groove is groove between atrium and ventricle at posterior side of heart.
coronary sinus runs on top of atrioventricular groove
Q 13. Describe where and how three leads of cardiac pacemaker are place.
lead 1: right atrium, left subclavian vein -> SVC
lead 2: right ventricle, left subclavian vein -> SVC
lead 3: left ventricle, left subclavian vein -> SVC -> coronary sinus-> LA -> LV. This is tricky one to place
Q 15. Anovulation
- clinical symtpoms?
- explain physiology
- commonly affected age groups?
- irregular mestural cycle with heavy bleeding
- two ends of age: first few years after menarche, few years before
Q 16. Aspergilloma
- What characteristic feature will be seen on CT. This is formed by what process?
- What infection normally preceeds?
- fungus ball. (white ball within cavity). Aspergillus COLONIZES the lung cavity that is already formed from TB
- TB: TB forms cavity, Aspergillus filling the gap
Q 18. What p value indicates statistical significance?
P <0.01
any P value above is not statistically significant
Q 18. Describe how latent period affects epidemiology study
For some disease modifier, it would take more or less time to develop clinically significant symptoms. Because of this, exposure to modifier for short period of time may result in lower disease modification effect.
Q 19. Describe the relative location of hepatic portal vein and IVC
hepatic portal vein is sort of embedded in liver and comes out, running ANTERIORLY with respect to IVC.
Q 20. Define Acanthosis. Example?
epidermal hyperplasia (thickened startum spinosum, location of desmosomes)
example is acnthosis nigrans
Q 20. Define urticaria. What is pathophysiology
wheal, smooth papule/plaque
IgE mediated mast cell degranulation
Also called as hives
Q 23. What three diseases may cause hirsutism?
- PCOS
- Cushing
- ovarian/adrenal cancer
Q 24. Definition difference: cholelithiasis vs. cholecystitis
cholelithiasis: gallstone
cholecystitis: gallbladder inflammation, most commonly due to biliary duct obstruction by gallstone. Also can be caused by primary infection (CMV)
Q 24. What two methods can be used to diagnose cholecystitis
- Ultrasound: gallbladder wall thickening
- Cholescintigraphy: IV injected radiotracer will not visualize gallbladder due to obstruction
Q 25. HIV patient. CD4 T cells count 40, acid-fast bacteria. What is this bacteria? prophylaxis?
Mycobacterium avium
prophylaxis: azithromycin
sketchy: crow sitting on speed limit 50 sign
Q 27. IgG4 antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor. What disease is it?
primary membrenous nephropathy
Q 29. petechiae vs. purpura
petechiae: tiny (<5mm) red dots
purpura: red spots, larger than petechiae, 5mm to 1cm
Both indicate primary homeostasis defect
