3

Question 1

a predator which, by preying on a competitive dominant species, limits the competitive exclusion of other species by the dominant species.

Answer 1

Keystone predator

Question 2

• Sessile organisms without structural defenses commonly produce these that deter predation (e.g., alkaloids, polyphenolics).

Answer 2

secondary metabolites

Question 3

Organisms with chemical defenses often display bright colors or striking patterns as a warning, termed

Answer 3

Aposematic coloration

Question 4

This mimic looks like a toxic model, and is also toxic itself.

Answer 4

Mullerian mimicry

Question 5

this mimic looks like a toxic model species, but is itself non-toxic

Answer 5

Batesian mimicry

Question 6

This occurs when a predator or parasite gains an advantage over prey by its resemblance to a third party. This model may be the prey (or host) species itself, or it may be a species that the prey does not regard as threatening.

Answer 6

Aggressive mimicry

Question 7

predators reduce the abundance of herbivores, allowing plants to flourish.

Answer 7

Green world hypothesis (HSS)

Question 8

in ecology describes the increasing reproduction of a predator in response to increasing prey abundance.

Answer 8

The numerical response

Question 9

are physical attributes of a plant which reduce or eliminate herbivory.

Answer 9

Mechanical defenses

Question 10

result from the production of secondary metabolites in plant tissues (e.g., phenolics, alkaloids, tannins) Can be accumulated in plants cells to act as toxins or secreted to inhibit herbivory.

Answer 10

Chemical defenses

Question 11

is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms,

Answer 11

Symbiosis

Question 12

an interaction between organisms that benefits at least one of the participants. Includes commensalism (+, 0) and mutualism (+, +).

Answer 12

Facilitation

Question 13

Ants receive honeydew from aphids and protect them from predators.

Answer 13

Defensive mutualism

Question 14

Associations between fungi and plant roots, wherein the fungus facilitates nutrient uptake (particularly nitrogen) by the plant in exchange for carbon in the form of sugars from the plant root.

Answer 14

Trophic or resource based mutualism

Question 15

a) Modern mitochondria were derived from bacteria. (b) Chloroplasts were derived from cyanobacteria.

Answer 15

The endosymbiosis theory

Question 16

a relationship between two living organisms in which one organism benefits from the other without harming it.

Answer 16

Commensalism

Question 17

The rhino moves around grazing the grass. In the process, they disturb the insects living in that area and the egrets get to eat the bugs.

Answer 17

Commensalism

Question 18

Oxpeckers land on rhinos or zebras and eat ticks and other parasites that live on their skin. The oxpeckers get food and the rhinos get pest control.

Answer 18

Mutualistic

Question 19

Organism that creates or modified habitats

Answer 19

Ecosystem engineer

Question 20

create or modify habitat or environment by their own physical structures

Answer 20

Autogenic engineer

Question 21

modify non-living or living habitat from one physical state to another through their behavior or actions

Answer 21

Allogenic engineers

Question 22

in ecology describes the increasing reproduction of a predator in response to increasing prey abundance.

Answer 22

Numerical response

Question 23

consumption of all or part of a living plant. Includes both defoliation (leaf eating; grazing and browsing ) and the consumption of fruits and seeds.

Answer 23

Herbivory

Question 24

predators reduce the abundance of herbivores, allowing plants to flourish

Answer 24

Green world hypothesis

Question 25

These are physical attributes of a plant which reduce or eliminate herbivory.

Answer 25

Mechanical defenses

Question 26

These result from the production of secondary metabolites in plant tissues (e.g., phenolics, alkaloids, tannins) Can be accumulated in plants cells to act as toxins or secreted to inhibit herbivory.

Answer 26

Chemical defenses

Question 27

involve mutualistic relationships with other species (usually insects)

Answer 27

These involve mutualistic relationships with other species (usually insects)

Question 28

This is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.

Answer 28

Symbiosis

Question 29

This an interaction between organisms that benefits at least one of the participants. Includes commensalism (+, 0) and mutualism (+, +).

Answer 29

Facilitation

Question 30

This is a relationship between two living organisms in which one organism benefits from the other without harming it.

Answer 30

Commensalism

Question 31

Some facilitators have dramatic impacts on species composition and community dynamics by physically modifying the habitat What’re the Two dominant mechanisms:

Answer 31

1) provide physical structure (habitat modification), (2) amelioration of physical stress

Question 32

This is an organism that creates or modifies habitats

Answer 32

Ecosystem engineer

Question 33

These create or modify habitat or environment by their own physical structures

Answer 33

Autogenic engineers

Question 34

These modify non-living or living habitat from one physical state to another through their behavior or actions

Answer 34

Allogenic engineers

Question 35

These are microparasites characterized by small size (bacteria, viruses, protozoans)

Answer 35

Pathogens

Question 36

are parasites characterized by larger size (flukes, wasps

Answer 36

Macroparasites

Question 37

All parasitic plants have special organs, named what which connect them to the conductive system (xylem, phloem) of their host and provide them with the ability to extract water and nutrient from the hosts.

Answer 37

haustoria

Question 38

These are plants that draw nutrients and water from the host, but can also undergo photosynthesis.

Answer 38

Hemiparasites

Question 39

These plants (Broomrape on right) lack chlorophyll and do not undergo photosynthesis, and are completely dependent on the host for nutrients, water and carbon.

Answer 39

Holoparasitic

Question 40

This is an organism that carries or transmits the parasite from one host to another

Answer 40

Vector

Question 41

Some parasites have these and only infect only one host species over the course of their life cycle. An example of a group of directly transmitted parasites are the strongyloid nematodes.

Answer 41

direct transmission

Question 42

parasitism of a parasite (up to 7 levels have documented)

Answer 42

Hyperparasitism

Question 43

This is a parasitic relationship in which one organism is dependent on the social organization of another.

Answer 43

Social parasitism

Question 44

These are social parasites that spend their entire life in the nest of its host species

Answer 44

Inquilines

Question 45

This occurs when a parasite transfers the responsibility of the care of offspring (eggs, young) onto surrogate parents.

Answer 45

Brood parasitism

Question 46

This is the stealing of prey from another individual.

Answer 46

Kleptoparasitism

Question 47

This occurs when the extinction of a host species causes the extinction of all of its associated parasite species (Dunn et al. 2009).

Answer 47

Co-extinction

Question 48

an association of interacting populations

Answer 48

Community

Question 49

This is the timing of the appearance and activity of species

Answer 49

Temporal structure

Question 50

This is the number of species in a community.

Answer 50

Species richness

Question 51

This is the number of species in the community, and their relative abundances

Answer 51

Species Diversity

Question 52

terrestrial communities are typically distinguished by dominant plant form

Answer 52

Biome

Question 53

a zone of transition between two biomes

Answer 53

Ecotone

Question 54

What’re the two ways of looking at a community

Answer 54

Holistic view, individualistic view

Question 55

species in a community act as a superorganism, coevolved to act as one unit

Answer 55

Holistic view

Question 56

communities are aggregations of populations that happen to be in the same place

Answer 56

Individualistic view

Question 57

concept in which a community in which each species’ distribution coincides with the boundaries of the community. Biotic interactions very important.

Answer 57

Closed community

Question 58

concept in which each species has its own limits, so the boundaries of a community are arbitrary. Biotic factors less important.

Answer 58

Individualistic view

Question 59

Those species in a community that have the highest abundance or highest biomass. These species exert a powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species.

Answer 59

Dominant species

Question 60

A species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche

Answer 60

Keystone specied

Question 61

This is a species that has a disproportionate effect on its environment relative to its biomass. Such species play a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community

Answer 61

Keystone species

Question 62

predictable change in species over time, as each new set of species modifies the environment to enable the establishment of other species, is virtually ubiquitous.

Answer 62

Ecological succession

Question 63

This is the size of area or “patch” that is impacted

Answer 63

Scale

Question 64

This is the strength or magnitude of a disturbing force

Answer 64

Intensity

Question 65

“acute” vs. “chronic”

Answer 65

Frequency

Question 66

This is the highest level of biodiversity is maintained at intermediate levels of disturbance frequency, intensity, size, and time since disturbance.

Answer 66

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis

Question 67

If an ecosystem contains more species then it will have a greater likelihood of having redundant stabilizing species, and it will have a greater number of species that respond differently to perturbations.

Answer 67

Insurance Effect (Redundancy)

Question 68

A reduction in the variation of returns on a combination of assets compared with the average of the variations of the individual assets.

Answer 68

Portfolio effect (investing)

Question 69

An increase in ecosystem stability (reduced variation) as a function of increased species diversity.

Answer 69

Portfolio effect (ecology)

Question 70

This is the fire-adapted trait in plants that is defined by an increase or a peak in flowering after a fire event.

Answer 70

Pyrogenic flowering

Question 71

This a strategy in which the dissemination of seeds is stimulated by external triggers (such as fires) rather than by natural maturation.

Answer 71

Serotiny

Question 72

The first species to colonize the bare earth following retreat of the glaciers are called what? Such as cyanobacteria, moss, and lichens.

Answer 72

pioneer species