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Question 1

a)Age related changes in attention:

information processing model

Answer 1

cognitive processing is related to computer processing:information enters the system and is transformed, coded, and stored for later retrieval and use

Question 2

Information processing model

Answer 2

1st step: incoming information (any information from sight,sound,touch,smell,or taste)

2nd step: sensory memory :information is detected it is perceived by brain
held in sensory memory for a short period of time (limited information stored very briefly)
~Unattended information is lost

3rd step: attention

4th step: when we attend to that information it has possibility to enter short term memory
Information in short term memory may be rehearsed
It can be unconsciously rehearsed if you are constantly reminded of it or it can be conscious
Unrehearsed information is lost
Rehearsal leads to consolidation and encodes the information from short term memory into long term memory

Question 3

diffeent types of attention

Answer 3

sustained attention
selective attention
divided attention

Question 4

Sustained attention

Answer 4

Mackworth clock task: find when the red dot has been skipped

with age:reduced/preserved/improved performance (not much changes bc the task is easy)

Question 5

Selective attention

Answer 5

Stroop task (name the color of the word)

with age:Reduced performance(More difficulty with removing distracting information with aging)

Question 6

Divided attention

Answer 6

Dual task-paradigm(doing two tasks at once)

with age:Reduced performance

Question 7

Short term memory as a function of age:

Answer 7

primary memory:Passive store that holds information in the form in which it was received

working memory:Active store that allows for the processing and manipulation of information

Question 8

primary memory

Answer 8

Preserved performance with age

ie:Repeating a string of digits in the order in which they were presented

Question 9

working memory

Answer 9

Reduced performance with age(capacity to hold and manipulate info declines)

ie:Repeating a string of digits in reverse order, subtracting 2 from each digit

Question 10

Long term memory as function of age

Answer 10

procedural memory
semantic memory
episodic memory
prospective memory

Question 11

Procedural memory

Answer 11

Implicit store that allows for the acquisition and performance of skills and action

Preserved performance

Question 12

Semantic memory

Answer 12

Explicit store that contains general knowledge

preserved/improved performance

Question 13

Episodic memory

Answer 13

Explicit store that contains experiences and events that are linked to a specific time and place

Reduced performance

Question 14

Prospective memory

Answer 14

Explicit store that contains intentions for the future

reduced/preserved/improved performance

Question 15

dual component model of intelligence

Answer 15

distinguishes between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence

Question 16

1)fluid intelligence:

Answer 16

“mechanics” of intelligence

Biologically determined

Question 17

crystallized intelligence:

Answer 17

“pragmatics” of intelligence

Culturally determined

Question 18

Fluid intelligence (“mechanics” of intelligence/”hardware”)

Answer 18

Mental operations related to deliberate and controlled problem solving; biologically determined

example:What comes next in the series d f i m r x

Reduced performance with age

Question 19

Crystallized intelligence (pragmatics of intelligence/”software”

Answer 19

Breadth, depth and application of language, information, concepts, and conventions acquired through experience, education, acculturation; includes language based and procedural knowledge; culturally determined

example:why do people put money in banks

preserved/improved performance

Question 20

Developmental trajectories for fluid and crystallized intelligence

Answer 20

Increase in fluid intelligence from childhood to 30, after 30 fluid intelligence declines and continues to decline across adulthood

Increase in crystallized intelligence from childhood to 30, shows slight increase after 30

Question 21

Cattel-horn-carroll (CHC) model of intelligence

Answer 21

Examined existing data on cognitive abilities, looked at cognitive abilities across 460 data sets

Question 22

cattel horn carroll :10 factor model of analysis

Answer 22

gf)fluid reasoning
gc)comprehensive knowledge/crystallized intelligence
Gsm)short term memory
Gv)visual processing
~~Spatial awareness, ability to hold and manipulate mental images
Ga)auditory processing
~~Ability to auditory stimuli
Glm)Long term storage and retrieval
Gs)Cognitive processing speed
Gt)Decision and reaction speed
Grw)Reading and writing
GQ)Quantitative knowledge
~~Comprehend quantitative information and manipulate numerical symbols

Question 23

Vulnerable abilities (decrease ability with age)

Answer 23

fluid reasoning, short term memory, cognitive processing speed

Question 24

Expertise abilities (increase ability with age)

Answer 24

comprehensive knowledge/crystallized intelligence

long term storage and retrieval

quantitative knowledge

Question 25

Sensory-perceptual abilities

Answer 25

visual processing auditory processing

Question 26

types of intelligence

Answer 26

practical, emotional, creative

Question 27

Practical intelligence/tacit knowledge

Answer 27

Capacity to solve problems that are poorly defined; are of personal interest and relevant to everyday experience; lack specific information; have multiple correct solutions, each with strengths and weaknesses; and can be solved using various methods Improved performance with age Workplace vignette; your goals are to become one of the top people in your field and get tenure

Question 28

Emotional intelligence

Answer 28

Capacity to understand one's own emotions, regulate one's own emotions, perceive others’ emotions, and use emotions to enhance performance Improved performance ; with age we gain experience with emotions Measured using rating scales; ie: i have a good sense of why i have certain feelings; i am able to control my temper and handle difficulties rationally

Question 29

Creative intelligence

Answer 29

1)creative potential: capacity to engage in divergent thinking (to think in different directions of topic of interest), generate many answers for a question and find novel solutions to a problem 2)creative accomplishment: productivity in generating creative contributions to a discipline 1)creative potential: preserved/improved performance 2)creative accomplishment: varies by discipline Sciences and arts declines with age Humanities slightly increases and peaks at 60-70 examples: 1)creative potential: how many uses can you think of for a brick? 2)creative accomplishment: quantity and quality of creative works produced in a discipline in a given period of time

Question 30

Swang song phenomenon

Answer 30

The Swan song phenomenon refers to a resurgence in creative works toward the end of life, following a post-peak decline in the rate of creative productivity

Question 31

Characteristics of old age style in artists

Answer 31

~Fewer fine details, reduced precision ~Increases emphasis on form, color, and “essence” of meaning ~On subjective experience vs objective rendering

Question 32

characteristics in old age style in music/musicians

Answer 32

Shorter main themes Simpler melodies

Question 33

characteristics of old age style in science/scientists

Answer 33

Increased emphasis on integration and synthesis (ie: historical analyses, integrative reviews)

Question 34

What factors influence age-related changes in cognition?

Answer 34

stereotype threat self-stereotyping self-efficacy perceived control personality intellectual engagement education occupational history socioeconomic status multilingualism diet physical activity health conditions

Question 35

Stereotype threat

Answer 35

anxiety from having a neg stereotype imposed associated with lower performance Stereotype threat adversely affects older adults (especially in memory performance, self-reported health, self-reported loneliness, help-seeking behavior)

Question 36

2)self-stereotyping:

Answer 36

associated with lower performance Self stereotype: tendency for members of a stereotyped group to adopt and assimilate to the stereotype of their group ~Involves explicit and implicit stereotype activation Embodiment of stereotype can adversely affect cognitive domains including memory performance

Question 37

3)Self-efficacy

Answer 37

the belief that one can successfully perform a task; associated with higher performance Higher self-efficacy on memory task leads to higher actual performance Belief system influences our performance on cognitive tasks

Question 38

4)perceived control:

Answer 38

the belief that one can exert control to maximize performance on a task; associated with Internal locus of control (belief you can control things in your life)-> higher performance on cognitive task Internal locus of control-> implement strategies they believe will improve their performance (ie:more likely to engage in recall strategies )

Question 39

personality

Answer 39

openness to experience reflects curiosity, imagination, and creativity; allows for greater “environmental enrichment”; associated with higher performance High in openness in experience tend to exhibit stronger cognitive capacity across older adulthood Roughly 50% in variance of openness in experience is due to environment (we can change our levels of openness in experience)

Question 40

6)intellectual engagement

Answer 40

cognitively challenging mental activities, tasks, and leisure activities (puzzles,reading), engaged lifestyle(cultural participation), membership in professional association; associated with higher performance (engagement hypothesis)

Question 41

7)education

Answer 41

above average education level; associated with higher performance

Question 42

occupational history

Answer 42

high-complexity job history; associated with higher performance

Question 43

socioeconomic status:

Answer 43

above average socio-economic status associated with better age related factors

Question 44

multilingualism:

Answer 44

four or more languages, correlated with increased connectivity in parietal-frontal control network; associated with higher performance

Question 45

diet:

Answer 45

flavonoids, iron, vitamins, mediterranean diet; associated with higher performance

Question 46

physical activity

Answer 46

aerobic and strength training; correlated with increased neuroplasticity, increased grey matter volume in frontal, temporal, and parietal lobe, as well as hippocampus, thalamus, and basal ganglia; associated with higher performance

Question 47

health conditions:

Answer 47

sensory impairment, coronary heart disease, vascular disease; associated with lower performance