3

Question 1

▪ In the history of science and technology, the
interests lies in how ____ emerged
as a result of the interaction of science and
technology and of society.
▪16th–18thcentury

Answer 1

Intellectual Revolution

Question 2

refers to a paradigm shift in
thinking and knowledge. It encompasses changes in ideas, values, and
beliefs that shape society

Answer 2

Intellectual Revolution

Question 3

Technological advancements, social change, and cultural
movements.

Answer 3

caused the intellectual revolution

Question 4

KEY THINKERS: Led by influential thinkers who challenge orthodox
beliefs and propose new ideas.
EXAMPLES: Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment.

Answer 4

Intellectual Revolution

Question 5

Intellectual Revolution
Identifying the traits: 2

Answer 5

Critical Thinking, Innovation

Question 6

refer to the series of events that led to the
emergence of modern science and the progress of scientific thinking
across critical periods in history.

Answer 6

Intellectual revolutions

Question 7

___ was a time
of REBIRTH in creativity in
Europe in the 1300s.
Changed in many areas
political, social, economic,
and cultural.

Answer 7

The Renaissance

Question 8

led
to significant advancements
in scientific knowledge and
the emergence of the
scientific method.

Answer 8

The Scientific Revolution

Question 9

emphasized reason,
individualism, and the pursuit
of knowledge as the key to
progress and social reform.

Answer 9

The Enlightenment

Question 10

The Renaissance:
The Enlightenment:

Answer 10

(Rebirth of Learning)
(Age of Reason)

Question 11

2 stages (Jean Sylvain Bailley)

Answer 11

Sweeping of the old
Establishing of the new

Question 12

Effects on Society
Intellectual revolutions have profound effects on society.

Answer 12

1. They reshape cultural, social, and political landscapes, leading to
   societal transformation and progress.
2. New ideas and perspectives challenge existing power structures and
   social norms, often resulting in resistance and conflict.
3. Intellectual revolutions also pave the way for progress, innovation, and
   the advancement of society as a whole.

Question 13

Intellectual Revolutions(3)

Answer 13

Copernican
Darwinian
Freudian

Question 14

planets as well as the sun
and the moon, moved in a circular motion around
the Earth.

Answer 14

Claudius Ptolemy:

Question 15

Earth was at the center

Answer 15

Geocentrism

Question 16

▪ Many Greek philosophers and intellectuals
wrote about planets
▪ Many of them agreed that the planets moved around
in circular motion and that these movements
created _______

Answer 16

days and nights.

Question 17

In 16th century, ____,
a Polish mathematician and
astronomer, challenged the Ptolemaic
model.

Answer 17

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 18

He introduced a new concept known as
Heliocentrism,

Answer 18

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 19

suggested that
the center of the Solar System was
not the Earth but actually the sun.

Answer 19

Heliocentrism

Question 20

▪ Refers to the 16th century paradigm shift
▪ Nicolaus Copernicus
▪ Formulated the “Heliocentric Model” of the
universe
▪ Shift: Geocentrism to Heliocentrism

Answer 20

Copernican Revolution

Question 21

Heliocentric Model

Answer 21

▪ Commentarioles (40-page outline)
▪ De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
(1543)

Question 22

He repositioned the Earth from the center
of the SS and introduced the idea that the
Earth rotates on its own axis

Answer 22

Heliocentric Model

Question 23

Copernican model had multiple inadequacies
that were later filled in by other astronomers
and later accepted by other scientists like

Answer 23

Galileo Galilei

Question 24

The idea was
disturbing to
many (heliocentrism) ___, thus Copernicus was accused of heresy, and he faced persecution from the church

Answer 24

Resistance from the church

Question 25

* Served as a catalyst to sway scientific thinking away form age-long views about the position of the Earth ▪ This marked the beginning of modern astronomy * marked a turning point in the study of cosmology and astronomy

Answer 25

Copernican Revolution

Question 26

All planets revolved around the sun not in circular orbits but elliptical orbits. The closer a planet to the sun the faster it moves.

Answer 26

Johannes Kepler: Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion

Question 27

marked a turning point in the study of cosmology and astronomy making it a truly important intellectual revolution

Answer 27

The Copernican Revolution

Question 28

English naturalist, geologist and biologist On The Origin of Species – 1859, Treatise on the Science of Evolution Proposed the theory of biological evolution by natural selection

Answer 28

Charles Darwin

Question 29

was one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time. 1. Conflicting religious beliefs. 2. Limited scientific understanding of genetics of inheritance 3. Lack supporting evidence

Answer 29

Darwinian Revolution

Question 30

an evolutionary process by which organisms inherit, develop, and adapt traits that favored survival and reproduction.

Answer 30

Natural Selection

Question 31

This traits are manifested in offspring that are more fit and well-suited to the challenges of survival and reproduction.

Answer 31

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Question 32

➢ The theory describes how organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. ➢ The changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment can help it survive and have more offspring

Answer 32

Theory of Evolution

Question 33

Dismissive of the idea that the functional design of organisms was a manifestation of an omniscient God. Perceived it to be contradictory to the church’s teaching that the source of life is a powerful creator.

Answer 33

Theory of Evolution

Question 34

is the unifying principle of all biology. It helps us understand phenomena in fields as diverse as genetics, ecology, and physiology.

Answer 34

Evolution

Question 35

▪ In the past, the field of psychology was always classified under ____.

Answer 35

philosophy

Question 36

Psychology was considered more of an __

Answer 36

art rather than a science.

Question 37

▪ In the late 19th, ________ was able to change people’s perception of psychology.

Answer 37

Sigmund Freud

Question 38

Scientific method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded in one’s personality

Answer 38

PSYCHOANALYSIS

Question 39

⮚ Austrian neurologist ⮚ Introduces PSYCHOANALYSIS ❖ Scientific method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded in one’s personality ⮚ 3 parts of personality

Answer 39

Sigmund Freud

Question 40

Freud described that the brain can be segmented into

Answer 40

compartments

Question 41

3 compartments of the brain/parts of personality

Answer 41

1. Id 2. Super-ego 3. Ego

Question 42

is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories (Pleasure Principle)

Answer 42

Id

Question 43

operates as a moral conscience (Conscience)

Answer 43

Super-ego

Question 44

is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super ego (Reality Principle)

Answer 44

Ego

Question 45

In short, the __ is your instincts, the ___ is your morality, and your ___ are the reality.

Answer 45

1. Id 2. Superego 3. ego

Question 46

is based on the belief that all humans have deep, unconscious beliefs, thoughts, memories, and desires.

Answer 46

Psychoanalysis

Question 47

These beliefs shape our present

Answer 47

“sense of self.”

Question 48

A lot of our present stressors arise from these beliefs and fears that people subconsciously carry

Answer 48

(“emotional baggage”).

Question 49

Psychoanalysis suggests that

Answer 49

* A person's behavior is influenced by their unconscious drives. * Emotional and psychological problems such as depression and anxiety are often rooted in conflicts between the conscious and unconscious mind. * Personality development is heavily influenced by the events of early childhood (Freud suggested that personality was largely set in stone by the age of five). * People use defense mechanisms to protect themselves from information contained in the unconscious. | dont memorize

Question 50

lack of vitality and bordering on being unscientific; considered as ideological than scientific

Answer 50

Critics:

Question 51

Psychoanalysis immediately shot into controversy for it emphasized the existence of the ___

Answer 51

unconscious.

Question 52

For others, Freud's theories are based on the “____”, which is difficult to define and test. There is no scientific evidence for the “unconscious mind

Answer 52

unconscious mind

Question 53

Importance: Freudian Revolution

Answer 53

* Freud revolutionized how we think about and treat mental health conditions. * Freud founded psychoanalysis as a way of listening to patients and better understanding how their minds work. * Psychoanalysis continues to have an enormous influence on modern psychology and psychiatry. | dont memorize

Question 54

Freud believed that during our childhood, certain events have great influence on how our personality is shaped, which carries over into our ___.

Answer 54

adult lives

Question 55

Credited for dominating **psychotherapeutic practice** in the early 20th century

Answer 55

Freudian Revolution

Question 56

Intellectual revolutions face resistance from those who benefit from maintaining the status quo.

Answer 56

period madam

Question 57

Critics argue that intellectual revolutions often lead to the erosion of ___

Answer 57

traditional values and cultural heritage.

Question 58

The pursuit of new ideas may raise ethical questions and dilemmas that need to be addressed during an intellectual revolution.

Question 59

The most revolutionary changes are changes in man’s basic beliefs about himself.

Answer 59

yuppp

Question 60

1. dethroned man from the center of the universe. 2. challenged his sense of divinity by tracing his descent to the animal kingdom. 3. , the first illustrator of the unconscious.

Answer 60

Copernicus Darwin Sigmund Freud