3 Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
What are Archaebacteria?
A
Bacteria that do not have any peptidoglycan, live in extreme environments and have unusual metabolism
Archaebacteria include methanogens, halophiles, and thermoacidophiles.
2
Q
What are Methanogens?
A
Anaerobes that produce methane from CO2 and H2, found in sewage, intestine and swamps
Methanogens play a crucial role in carbon cycling.
3
Q
What are Halophiles?
A
Require high amounts of salt, found in Utah and the Dead Sea
Halophiles are adapted to survive in extremely saline environments.
4
Q
What are Thermoacidophiles?
A
Grow in hot acidic environments such as hot springs, compost piles, nuclear power plants, hydrothermal vents
They thrive in conditions that would be hostile to most life forms.
5
Q
Describe Spirochetes.
A
They contain axial filaments that make them very spiraled, are motile, and are found in soil, contaminated water, and human bodies.
6
Q
What is Pseudomonas?
A
Rods that have pigments and fluorescence, infect burns, urinary tract and wounds; many are psychrophiles and antibiotic resistant.
7
Q
What does Legionella cause?
A
Pneumonia
Legionella can live in water cooling systems.
8
Q
What is Neisseria?
A
A diplococcus that likes mucous membranes, causes gonorrhea and meningitis.
9
Q
What is Brucella?
A
A coccobacillus that can survive phagocytosis, is a zoonosis, invades the liver, spleen, and placenta, and causes necrosis.
10
Q
What does Bordetella cause?
A
Whooping cough.
11
Q
What is Rhizobium?
A
A rod in the nodules of roots that fixes nitrogen.
12
Q
What is Acetobacter used for?
A
To convert alcohol to vinegar.
13
Q
What are Enterobacters?
A
Found in the GI tract, ferment sugars and produce toxins against other bacteria.
14
Q
What is Escherichia?
A
The most common microbe in the intestine, not usually pathogenic, but a few strains are pathogenic.
15
Q
What does Salmonella cause?
A
Food poisoning and Typhoid fever.
16
Q
What does Shigella cause?
A
Dysentery.
17
Q
What does Klebsiella cause?
A
Septicemia in compromised people.
18
Q
What does Serratia cause?
A
Respiratory, urinary and nosocomial infections.
19
Q
What does Proteus cause?
A
Urinary and wound infections and infant diarrhea.
20
Q
What does Yersinia cause?
A
The plague.
21
Q
What does Erwinia cause?
A
Plant rot.
22
Q
What does Vibrio look like?
A
Curved like a comma with one flagellum, causes cholera.
23
Q
What does Pasteurella cause?
A
Septicemia and pneumonia.
24
Q
What does Haemophilus require?
A
Requires blood, can be carried in the nose and throat.
25
What does Gardnerella cause?
The most common cause of vaginitis.
26
What is Bacteroides?
Found in the mouth and intestine, causes post surgical, puncture, and wound infections.
27
What is Fusobacterium?
Has pointed ends and causes dental abscesses.
28
What do sulfur bacteria produce?
Hydrogen sulfide, found in the mud and the intestines.
29
What is Rickettsia?
Gram-negative nonmotile rods, transmitted by ticks and sometimes other insects.
30
What does Chlamydia cause?
Blindness and venereal disease.
31
What is Coxiella?
An obligate intracellular bacterium, causes Q fever.
32
What does Staphylococcus look like?
Rounds in clusters, found in the nose and on skin.
33
What does Streptococcus look like?
Round in chains, sours dairy food, capable of alpha and beta hemolysis.
34
What does Bacillus cause?
Anthrax.
35
What does Clostridium cause?
Tetanus, botulism, gangrene, diarrhea.
36
What is Lactobacillus used for?
To make yogurt, buttermilk, pickles.
37
What does Listeria cause?
Birth defects and abortions.
38
What is Corynebacterium?
Club shaped, causes diphtheria.
39
What does Propionibacterium cause?
Acne.
40
What is Bifidobacterium?
Anaerobe, good for intestinal health.
41
What are Mycobacteria?
Acid fast rods, non motile, cause tuberculosis and leprosy.
42
What are Appendaged Bacteria?
Has a stalk for anchoring (e.g. Caulobacter).
43
What are Gliding Bacteria?
Have a lot of slime to glide over surfaces.
44
What are Sheathes Bacteria?
Form a hollow filament to live in.
45
What are Cyanobacteria?
Gram-negative, can conduct photosynthesis, can fix nitrogen.
46
What are Actinomycetes?
Filamentous bacteria in the soil.
47
What does Streptomyces produce?
Many of our prescription antibiotics.
48
What does Agrobacterium cause?
Plant tumors by injecting a plasmid into mounded plant tissue.
49
What are Bioluminescent Bacteria?
Emit light, often colonize fish and squid.
50
What does Magnetospirillum contain?
A string of magnetic crystals that can align with earth’s magnetic field.
51
What is Wolbachia?
Gram-negative, pleomorphic, infect insects and worms.
52
What is Mycology?
The study of fungi.
53
What are Vegetative structures?
The main body parts of fungi.
54
What are Spores?
The reproductive structures of fungi.
55
What are Hyphae?
Tiny filaments that form the body parts of fungi.
56
What is Mycelium?
The visible structure of fungi.
57
What is Yeast?
Unicellular fungi that reproduce by budding.
58
What are Molds?
Multicellular fungi, filamentous, usually reproduce by emitting spores.
59
What is dimorphism in fungi?
Two forms of growth, mold-like or yeast-like.
60
How do fungi reproduce?
They release a bud or fragment of themselves and make spores.
## Footnote
Spores can be sexual or asexual.
61
What are some nutritional characteristics of fungi?
* Can live in an acidic environment
* Can live with low moisture
* Can degrade wood
* Can live with high osmotic pressure
62
What is mycosis?
A fungal infection.
63
What is a systemic mycosis?
A fungal infection throughout the body or in a deep organ.
64
What is a subcutaneous mycosis?
A fungal infection beneath the skin.
65
What is a cutaneous mycosis?
A fungal infection in the epidermis, hair, nails.
66
What is a superficial mycosis?
A fungal infection on the surface, mostly in tropics.
67
What are plankton algae?
Free floating microscopic plants.
68
What are dinoflagellates?
Unicellular algae with cellulose on the cell wall, many produce neurotoxins.
69
What are euglenoids?
Unicellular algae with a flagellum that can eat like an animal.
70
What are diatoms?
Unicellular algae with complex cell walls with silica.
71
What are brown algae?
Multicellular plants that live in water, contain algin used as a thickener.
72
What are red algae?
Multicellular plants that live deeper in the ocean, used for agar and carrageenan.
73
What are green algae?
Single or multicellular plants in the water.
74
What are lichens?
A fungus and green algae living together.
75
What is mutualism?
A relationship in which both parties benefit.
76
What are slime molds?
Organisms that are fungal-like and animal-like.
77
What is plasmodium?
A large mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei, moves like a giant amoeba.
78
What are Sarcodina?
Amoebas that move by using pseudopod.
79
What does Entamoeba histolytica cause?
Dysentery.
80
What does Mastigophera use to move?
Flagella.
81
What does Giardia lamblia cause?
Infects the intestine and liver, causes pain.
82
What does Trichomonas cause?
Sexual and urinary infections.
83
What does Trypanosoma cause?
African sleeping sickness.
84
What do ciliates use to move?
Cilia.
85
What does Balantidium coli cause?
Dysentery.
86
What are Sporozoa?
Protozoans that cannot move.
87
What does Plasmodium cause?
Malaria.
88
What does Toxoplasma do?
Reproduces in cats and can infect embryos in pregnant women.
89
What is schizogony?
Multiple fission in protozoans.
90
What is a cyst?
A protozoan in a protective capsule.
91
What does dioecious mean?
Having male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals.
92
What does hermaphroditic mean?
Having both male and female reproductive organs in one individual.
93
What is a definitive host?
Harbors the adult form of a parasite.
94
What is an intermediate host?
Houses developmental forms of a parasite.
95
What are Trematodes?
Flukes, flat bodies with suckers.
96
What does Paragonimus cause?
Lung fluke; eaten then wanders.
97
What does Schistosoma do?
Burrows through skin and into the bloodstream.
98
What are Cestodes?
Tapeworms with segments called proglottids.
99
What does Taenia cause?
Beef tapeworm; can be ingested from undercooked meat.
100
What does Echinococcus cause?
Forms a hydatid cyst in humans.
101
What does Enterobius cause?
Pinworm; female migrates out anus to lay eggs.
102
What does Necator do?
Larvae penetrate skin to blood to lung.
103
What does Trichinella cause?
Cysts in pork and bear meat.
104
What are arthropods?
Animals with jointed legs, many are carriers of microbes.
105
What is a virion?
Fully developed viral particle.
106
What is a capsid?
The protein coat of a virus.
107
What are spikes in viruses?
Carbohydrate or protein projections on the virus.
108
What is the host range?
The types of cells a microbe can infect.
109
What are helical viruses?
Long tubular rods, can be rigid or flexible.
110
What are polyhedral viruses?
Many sided viruses.
111
What are enveloped viruses?
Viruses surrounded by a capsule.
112
What are complex viruses?
Contain extra structures such as tails and fibers.
113
How can viruses be grown?
* In bacteria or living animals
* Chicken eggs or tissue cultures
114
What are three ways to identify viruses?
* Antibodies
* DNA Sequencing
* Electron Microscopy
115
What is the first step of the bacteriophage lytic cycle?
The virus binds to the bacterial wall.
116
What happens after the virus injects its nucleic acid in the lytic cycle?
The nucleic acid takes over cell parts and makes more nucleic acid and protein coats.
117
What is the final step of the bacteriophage lytic cycle?
Lysozyme is produced, breaks the cell open, virus released.
118
What is the first step of the bacteriophage lysogenic cycle?
Virus binds, injects DNA.
119
What is a prophage?
The DNA inserted into the host DNA during the lysogenic cycle.
120
What happens during the animal virus life cycle?
The virus attaches to proteins in the animal cell membrane and is engulfed.
121
What is an inclusion body?
An abnormal clump of material in a cell.
122
What are polykaryocytes?
Several cells fused together.
123
What is an oncogene?
A normal gene that has been changed and produces cancer.
124
What does Papova virus cause?
Warts and tumors.
125
What does Adeno virus cause?
Respiratory infections.
126
What does Herpes virus cause?
Cold sores, chicken pox, and sexual herpes.
127
What does Pox virus cause?
Smallpox and cowpox.
128
What does Picorna virus cause?
Polio, colds, and hepatitis.
129
What does Toga virus cause?
Encephalitis and yellow fever.
130
What does Orthomyxo virus cause?
The flu.
131
What does Paramyxo virus cause?
Measles and mumps.
132
What does Rhabdo virus cause?
Rabies.
133
What does Retro virus cause?
Leukemia, AIDS, tumors, and feline leukemia.
134
What does Papilloma virus cause?
Warts and cervical cancer.
135
What does Epstein-Barr (EB) virus cause?
Mononucleosis and Burkitt’s lymphoma.
136
What does Herpes 1 cause?
Cold sores.
137
What does Herpes 2 cause?
Sexual herpes and cervical cancer.
138
What does Hepatitis B cause?
Liver cancer.
139
What is an acute infection?
Sudden, usually short lasting.
140
What is a chronic infection?
Slow or long lasting.
141
What is a latent viral infection?
Housing the virus for a long time without disease.
142
What are prion diseases?
Caused by infectious proteins that damage brain tissue.
143
What are viroids?
Short pieces of RNA with no protein coat, mostly infect plants.
144
What is an oncolytic virus?
Enters cancer cells and bursts them.
145
What is innate/nonspecific resistance?
General defense against any type of invader.
146
What is the role of skin in nonspecific resistance?
Contains the tough protein keratin and acid secretions.
147
What does mucous membrane do?
Contains mucus to trap microbes and cilia to move them.
148
What is lysozyme?
An enzyme that breaks down cell walls.
149
What is gastric juice?
HCl and enzymes in the stomach that damage microbes.
150
What is normal flora?
Bacteria that live in or on the body, compete with pathogenic microbes.
151
Define innate/nonspecific resistance
General defense against any type of invader
152
What is the role of skin in nonspecific resistance?
Contains the tough protein keratin and acid secretions
153
What do mucous membranes do?
Contain mucus to trap microbes and cilia to move them
154
What is lysozyme?
An enzyme that breaks down cell walls, in tears and saliva
155
What is gastric juice composed of?
HCl and enzymes in the stomach that damage microbes
156
What are normal flora?
Bacteria that live in or on the body, compete with pathogenic microbes
157
What are sentinel cells?
Guards at strategic sites to detect invading microbes
158
What is the function of lactoferrin and transferrin?
Iron binding proteins that hide iron away from microbes so they cannot grow as well
159
What are host defense peptides?
Short chains of amino acids that damage microbes and stimulate the immune system
160
Define plasma in the context of blood components
Fluid portion of the blood
161
What are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells (RBC), have no nucleus, filled with hemoglobin
162
What is the function of leukocytes?
White blood cells
163
What are neutrophils?
The most abundant leukocyte, engulf and destroy bacteria
164
What role do basophils play?
Involved in allergic reactions and inflammation, granules contain histamine
165
What do eosinophils destroy?
Eukaryotic parasites
166
What are monocytes?
Circulate in the blood
167
What is the role of lymphocytes?
Adaptive immunity (B-cells, T-cells, and NK cells)
168
Define leukocytosis
An increase in WBC count
169
Define leukopenia
A decrease in WBC count
170
Describe phagocytosis
A phagocyte attaches to the microbe, forms a vesicle, and enzymes degrade the microbe
171
Define inflammation
A general process for destroying microbes or repairing tissue
172
What is margination?
The sticking of WBC to the inner wall of capillaries
173
What is diapedesis?
The squeezing of WBC through capillary walls into tissues
174
Define fever
An increase in body temperature by the hypothalamus in response to pyrogens
175
What are cytokines?
Proteins produced by cells to communicate with each other
176
What is the complement system?
Proteins in the blood that join and punch holes in cells
177
Define cytolysis
The leaking of cell contents
178
What are interferons?
Proteins produced by virally infected cells to interfere with virus replication
179
Define antigen
A substance that causes an immune response
180
Define humoral immunity
Protection with antibodies
181
Define cell-mediated immunity
Protection by the actions of cells
182
What are B-cells?
Lymphocytes that produce antibodies
183
What are antibodies?
Proteins that attach to antigens as a signal for destruction
184
What is IgG?
The most abundant antibody in the blood
185
What is the role of IgD?
Development and maturation of antibody response
186
What is the function of IgE?
Bound to mast cells and basophils
187
What does IgA provide?
Mucosal immunity (mucus, tears, and saliva)
188
What is IgM?
The first antibody released in a primary immune response
189
What are T-cells?
Lymphocytes that help control immune responses
190
What do T cytotoxic (Tc) cells do?
Cause cell death
191
What is the role of T helper (TH) cells?
Produce cytokines that stimulate B cells to produce antibodies
192
What are lymphokines?
Signaling molecules that act upon other immune cells
193
What is the primary immune response?
Occurs the first time a microbe enters the body, takes about 10 days
194
What is the secondary immune response?
Occurs with the re-exposure to a microbe
195
Define natural active immunity
Formation of antibodies and memory cells after exposure to a microbe
196
Define artificial active immunity
Formation of antibodies and memory cells after exposure to a vaccine
197
What is natural passive immunity?
Temporary protection by receiving antibodies through breast milk
198
What is artificial passive immunity?
Temporary protection by receiving an injection of antibodies from another person or animal
