3-3 phonation physiology

Question 1

vocal fold adduction

Answer 1

brings vocal folds together

bottom

interarytenoid
lateral cricoarytenoid

Question 2

medial compression

Answer 2

holds vocal folds together

middle

muscularis

Question 3

tonic contraction

Answer 3

same amount of muscle force for a sustained period of time

not moving because its against something but actively pushing against it

Question 4

longitudinal tension

Answer 4

stiffness

top

cricothyroid
vocalis

Question 5

how does airflow cause vocal fold vibration?

Answer 5

laryngeal conditions: vocal folds must be adducted & tensed

aerodynamic conditions: pressure below vocal folds must be greater than the pressure above the vocal folds

Question 6

bernoulli effect

Answer 6

in a flowing stream of particles

pressure exerted by the particles is inversely proportional to their velocity

pressure increases, velocity decreases
velocity increases, pressure decreases

velocity of a moving fluid/gas goes up at a constriction

air has to flow faster when it’s narrow to keep the velocity constant

Question 7

aerodynamics

Answer 7

2 physical objects

air goes through the middle

creates negative pressure

pushes objects together

Question 8

vibratory cycle

Answer 8

1. vocal folds are closed
2. subglottal pressure increases from lung compression
3. difference in pressure below & above folds pushes up on folds
4. vocal folds blow open & release a burst of air
5. air pressure decreases between vocal folds
6. vocal folds get sucked back together from low pressure –> aided by recoil force from tissue elasticity
7. process repeats – 60 - 500 times/sec ; creates sound

worm like motion

Question 9

onset of phonation

Answer 9

pre-phonation

attack

Question 10

pre-phonation

Answer 10

adduction & pressure build up

no vibration

Question 11

attack

Answer 11

1st few cycles of vibration

irregular

Question 12

simultaneous attacks

Answer 12

occurs when air is released just as the folds are adducted

Question 13

breathy attack (soft attack)

Answer 13

occurs when air is released before closure is completed

Question 14

glottal attack

Answer 14

occurs when air is released while the vocal folds are subjected to important medial compression

sudden

vocal tone is explosive

Question 15

sustained phonation

Answer 15

extends from point of regular vibration to termination (abduction of vocal folds)

requires tonic contraction

Question 16

characteristics of a vibratory cycle

Answer 16

opening phase = 50% of cycle

closing phase = 37% of cycle –> Bernoulli effect & tissue elasticity

closed phase = 13% of cycle –> vocal folds have to be closed for pressure to build back up

Question 17

open quotient

Answer 17

how much are the vocal folds open in proportion to the whole cycle

open phase / cycle duration

related to modes of phonation

Question 18

frequency

Answer 18

how often something happens

perceived as pitch

higher frequency = higher pitch

Question 19

cycle

Answer 19

distance between identical points on waveform

Question 20

period (t)

Answer 20

time to complete 1 cycle of vibration

Question 21

frequency F(t)

Answer 21

how often a cycle of vibration repeats itself per unit time

Hz = cycles / second

Question 22

habitual pitch

Answer 22

what you do when someone tells you to make noise

lower side of your vocal range

Question 23

pitch raising mechanisms

Answer 23

change in length, mass, &/or tension of vocal folds

elevate the larynx

Question 24

lengthen vocal folds to raise pitch

Answer 24

activate cricothyroid muscles (pars recta & oblique)

Question 25

tense vocal folds to raise pitch

Answer 25

thyroarytenoid muscle when opposed by the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, thyroarytenoid tenses the vocal folds need opposition so the vocal folds don't get shorter

Question 26

pitch lowering mechanisms

Answer 26

decrease vibratory rate due to decrease in tension & increase in mass per unit length relaxation of folds due to elasticity & active shortening of vocal folds depress the larynx

Question 27

intensity

Answer 27

physical measure of sound pressure levels perceived loudness higher pressure = louder speech

Question 28

mode of vibration

Answer 28

pattern of activity that the folds undergo during phonation

Question 29

modal

Answer 29

moderate compression, adduction & tension open quotient = 0.5

Question 30

creaky

Answer 30

strong adduction & compression weak tension irregular open quotient = 0.3

Question 31

harsh

Answer 31

very strong compression & adduction normal tension pressing vocal folds very tightly --> air comes out irregularly

Question 32

breathy

Answer 32

weak adduction & compression medium tension little resistance to pressure build up - not fully abducting vocal folds open quotient = 0.65

Question 33

whisper

Answer 33

higher compression than breathy voice NO vibration

Question 34

falsetto

Answer 34

strong adduction & compression high tension vocal folds look long & thin