3 + 4: Acoustics of Speech and Speech Testing Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
In general, what do people care about hearing most
A
Speech
2
Q
What is the frequency range of the speech signal?
A
100-10,000 Hz
3
Q
True or False: speech signals aren’t consistent from speaker to speaker, but each persons signal is consistent.
A
False, speech signals aren’t consistent, even from the same speaker
4
Q
Most speech energy is located below ____ - _____ Hz primarily due to what two things?
A
500-1000 Hz
1) fundamental frequency of the voice
2) vowel formants
5
Q
Why doesn’t the entire frequency range need to be understood?
A
Redundancy of speech
6
Q
the phrase “those shoes” is an example of what? How?
A
Redundancy of speech, indicates a plural two times
7
Q
What piece of technology doesn’t transmit the full frequency range?
A
Telephones
8
Q
What is the widely accepted/produced range of frequencies for HAs?
A
200-6000 Hz
9
Q
Why don’t HAs typically need to have the full frequency range?
A
In most HA users the upper frequencies that are emitted are useless to them anyways due to advanced damage to the basal end of the cochlea
10
Q
Intensity changes of the speech signal are depended on ___________ of the ______ vs. the _________
A
Frequencies
Vowels
Consonants
11
Q
Vowels have _______ frequencies and consonants have ________ frequencies
A
Lower
Higher
12
Q
What is the range of intensities of a speech signal, from shouting to whispering?
A
Shouting = 65 dB HL (85 dB SPL) Whispering = 25 dB HL (45 dB SPL)
13
Q
There are rapid ________ changes over time in the speech signal
A
Intensity
14
Q
The dynamic range of the speech signal is ____ dB
A
40 dB
15
Q
We have averages for conversational speech signals, but what are two factors that might change those numbers?
A
1) male vs. female
2) environmental/situational changes
16
Q
On the long-term speech spectrum above ____ Hz, the spectrum envelope decreases ___ dB/octave
A
500 Hz
9 dB
17
Q
Why is the sloping nature of the long-term speech spectrum problematic?
A
The sounds produced at lower levels, which are mainly consonants that contain the majority of speech information, are the ones that also are the most affected by the majority of hearing losses
18
Q
What are the two short-term speech characteristics?
A
1) segmental frequency information
2) vowels
19
Q
What part of speech in the primary energy source?
A
Vowels
20
Q
Where is vowel energy contained?
A
Formants
21
Q
What are formants?
A
Resonant frequencies of the vocal tract
22
Q
All vowels have an F1 below ______ Hz
A
1000
23
Q
Several vowels have similar ___ which can be confusing if ___ is not _______
A
F1
F2
Audible
24
Q
Positive vowel identification of all vowels requires hearing up to at least ______-______ Hz
A
2500-3000 Hz
25
_______ contain the intelligibility for speech but dont contain the power that ______ do
Consonants
| Vowels
26
The frequency range of 62-1000 Hz has ___% of the power, but __% of intelligibility
95, 5
27
The frequency range 1000-8000 Hz has __% of the power, but ___% of intelligibility
5, 95
28
HI individuals use the same ______ ___ to speech perception as everyone else, so there is __ _________ if they can’t access them.
Acoustic cues
| No substitute
29
The highest statistical correlation is found between pure-tone thresholds and an individuals speech perception ability as _____ Hz
2000
30
Patients with limited high frequency hearing will have difficulty making _____ distinctions
Place
31
Place of articulation is most susceptible to the effects of __________ hearing loss
Sensorineural
32
Place of articulation with losses ______ than ___ dB HL even with ___________
Greater
90
Amplification
33
Patients with low frequency hearing loss should have no trouble with ________ distinctions when they have proper _________
Voicing
| Amplification
34
Perception of voicing, manner, and prosody is possibly for persons with losses greater than ___ dB with ___________
90
| Amplification
35
The overall intensity at which people speak varies as a function of the ________ _____
Background noise
36
People speak at ___ dB SPL for noise levels up to 45 dB SPL
55
37
Favorable speech noise ratio of +/- ___ will exist
+10
38
Individuals with HL will do well at _____ SNR if the speech spectrum is made audible with HAs
+10
39
What does + 10 SNR mean?
the signal is 10 dB greater than the noise
40
What SNR do humans usually speak at up to noise at what dB SPL?
+10 SNR
| 45 dB SPL
41
As SNR (decreases/increases) difficulty (decreases/increases)
Decreases
| Increases
42
When background noise becomes more _____, talkers _____ thier voices _________
Intense
| Raise their voices disproportionately
43
In what type of quiet environment are ____ to _________ losses with aids able to have little difficulty?
Mild to moderate
| +10 SNR
44
When background noise is ___ avg speech is what in dB and what SNR?.
- 55 dB
- 65 dB
- 75 dB
- 61 dB (+6)
- 68 dB (+3)
- 0 or worse SNR
45
The amount of reflection of sound is dependent upon ____ and _________ of surfaces
Size
| Absorption
46
What is the definition of reverberation time?
Time it takes for the SPL to decrease 60 dB after a steady-state sounds tops
47
A longer RT means more ____
Echo
48
Too much reverberation can do what to speech?
Make it less intelligible
49
How does reverberation make speech less intelligible?
Reflections “time smearing” the speech pattern
50
More soft or absorbent surfaces mean a _____ or ______ RT
Lower
| Better
51
Is a gym a good or bad listening environment and why?
Bad, very reverberant, not a lot of soft or absorbent surfaces
52
What are the 5 abilities that normally hearing people have that allow them to understand speech in adverse conditions?
1) discriminate small changes in intensity, frequency, and timing
2) separate the frequency components
3) hear speech at normal loudness levels
4) integrate sound energy over time
5) localize the source
53
Even with amp, what are 4 factors that deprive a hearing impaired listener of acoustic cues?
1) upward spread of masking
2) temporal masking
3) tolerance problems
4) discrimination ability
54
HL is not just a loss of sensitivity!
THIS WAS JUST A PSA!
55
Pure tone audiogram cannot predict what?
The degree of communication deficit caused by a hearing loss
56
What is the most important signal we hear?
Speech
57
Two people with the same audiogram may have very different what?
Speech perception abilities
58
The greatest complaints with HL are about what?
Inability to hear/understand speech
59
What test gives a better real world view of a clients communication performance?
Speech audiometry
60
Which audiometry can be more sensitive to auditory problems?
Speech (over pure tone)
61
Speech audiometry can be an _______ check of pure-tone results
Accuracy
62
Sometimes _____ _________ may be the only way to assess auditory function. Give examples.
Speech audiometry
| Children, cognitive disabilities, etc.
63
Results from speech audiometry can help plan what?
Intervention and counseling strategies
64
Functional hearing test results can help answer what 4 questions?
1) how clear is conversational speech
2) what level is required for audibility and intelligibility?
3) which sounds are inaudible in which conditions?
4) which sounds are audible with amplification?
65
What are not great tools for explaining HL to patients/families/laypeople?
Regular audiograms
66
What are 11 benefits of speech testing?
1) determine need for amp
2) compare aided and unaided listening
3) compare devices
4) demonstrate the hearing problem
5) demonstrate benefits of visual speech cues
6) demonstrate background noise effects
7) assess longitudinal performance
8) determine need for auditory/speechreading training
9) determine placement with training curriculum
10) evaluate appropriate educational placement
11) determine if desired benefit is achieved
67
What are the 4 levels of auditory processing?
1) detection/awareness
2) discrimination
3) recognition/identification
4) comprehension
68
Which level of auditory processing is determining the presence or absence of sound?
1) detection/awareness
69
Which level of auditory processing is hearing the change in physical attribute of a sound?
2) discrimination
70
Which level of auditory processing is attaching a label to the stimulus?
3) recognition/identification
71
Which level of auditory processing is attaching meaning to the stimulus?
4) Comprehension
72
Traditional pure tone audiometry looks only at which level of auditory processing?
1) detection
73
Which 2 routine speech tests are designed to look at recognition?
1) SRT
| 2) WRS
74
Two people with the same audiogram usually have differing ____ _________ capabilities, which means they may have different __________ and __________ plans
Speech processing
Diagnoses
Rehab plans
75
To do speech testing you need to know that the client will ___ and ________ the ____ they will be testing with, so when selecting testing material consider at least these 4 factors:
```
Know and understand
Words
1) age
2) purpose of eval
3) recent brain injury?
4) non-native speaker?
```
76
In speech testing the client is expected to give some _______ to the speech stimuli, such as one of the following 3:
Response
1) verbal (repeat words)
2) written
3) gestural (point at a picture)
77
How does the clinician determine what the most appropriate method of testing is?
Determine the clients verbal abilities
78
Thresholds for speech helps to determine the degree of _________ _____ for ______
Hearing loss
| Speech
79
A clients pure tone thresholds can be compared to what to help confirm it?n
Speech thresholds
80
What is the speech detection threshold?
The minimum hearing level for speech at which an individual can just discern the presence of speech material 50% of the time
81
The speech detection threshold is also called:
Speech awareness threshold (SAT)
82
Is a speech detection threshold part of a standard audio metric battery?
No, it sometimes has to be used if the client cant repeat speech/point to pictures
83
What information does a speech detection threshold test give us and not give us?
It gives us knowledge of whether a client is aware of speech, but not if they comprehend it
84
Is a speech reception threshold test used regularly or not?
Used regularly
85
What is the purpose of speech threshold testing?
To quantify an individuals hearing threshold level for speech and verify the pure tone audiogram
86
A persons speech reception threshold should general be within ___ dB of their PTA, or in sloping/rising loses the SRT will more closely correspond to a __ frequency ______ using the best of ____, ______, and ______ Hz
10
2
500, 1000, 2000
87
Disagreement between the SRT and PTA is an indicator of what 5 possible things?
1) pseudohypacusis (malingering)
2) equipment malfunction
3) misunderstanding of instructions
4) development level of client
5) presence of a higher level cognitive and/or language disorder
88
What is a spondee?
A 2 syllable word with equal stress
89
What are 3 reasons we use sponsees in speech testing?
1) easy to recognize
2) can be guessed with great accuracy and with only a little audible acoustic info present
3) highly redundant
90
What 4 criteria do sponsees selected for speech testing need to meet?
1) familiarity
2) phonetic dissimilarity
3) normal sampling of English speech sounds
4) homogeneity with respect to basic audibility
91
Spondees used for children are all easily ________
Pictured
92
Word recognition testing is designed to evaluate what?
A clients understanding of speech stimuli
93
Word Recognition Score has replaced what previous test? Why?
Speech discrimination score
| It’s not a speech discrimination test
94
Speech testing must be what two things?
1) valid
| 2) reliable
95
What is Validity?
Measures what it is supposed to
96
What is reliability?
When a test is repeated it yields the same/similar results
97
The WRS helps determine extent of ____-________ difficulty, and aids in diagnosis of ____ of ________ and need for/selection of ______________ ________, and helps o predict _________ after ___
Word-recognition
Site of lesion
Amplification systems
Prognosis after AR
98
During WRS patients are presented with _____________ stimuli to reveal clients ability to distinguish subtle ________ cues in words
Monosyllabic
| Acoustic
99
WRS includes ___ (of half list of ___) words, presented at ___-___ dB SL above the patients ____
50 (25)
30-40 dB SPL
SRT
100
Monitored live voice versus recorded voice: intelligibility is affected by what 2 things?
1) presentation style of different speakers
| 2) intra-talker variability
101
What are the 2 main categories of speech style?
1) conversational style
| 2) clear speech
102
Which has increased variability, MLV or recorded speech?
MLV
103
How should WRS be tested?
In adverse situations, aka in noise
104
Hearing impaired individuals have a _________ loss plus a ______/_____ _____ loss, and need about __ dB more to achieve 50% correct performance level in babble
Sensitivity
Signal/noise ratio
8
105
Sentence tests are usually done in _____, not ____
Noise
| Quiet
106
What are 3 advantages of sentence testing
1) can test multiple target words faster
2) helps maintain natural speech presentation
3) suprasegmental speech aspects are maintained
107
What are 2 disadvantages of sentence tests?
1) requires higher level cognitive skills
| 2) working memory
108
Speech audiometry helps in ___________ diagnosis
Differential
109
Speech audiometry can recognize a specific ________ or the ____ of _______
Pathology
| Site of legion
110
Speech audiometry is done at various ________ levels to look for _______
Intensity
| Rollover
111
A clients ______ ___________ can be compared to others with similar hearing loss
Speech audiometry
112
Speech audiometry can be used to compare performance between ____
Ears
113
Speech audiometry is useful for hearing aid fittings because we need to know how much of the _____ spectrum will “___” in the users _______ _____
Speech
Fit
Dynamic range
114
We can do live ____-______ with modern hearing aid analyzing systems to document increases in _________ with the _______ ____ __
Speech-mapping
Audibility
Hearing aids in
115
Current speech tests are not always sensitive to differences that what can make in what?
Modern hearing aids
| Speech perception
116
___ testing doesn’t show differences in ____ versus ____ ________ ___, but it should show in ____ testing
WRS
Old vs. new hearing aids
SRT
117
What are the 7 sounds in the ling tests?
1) /m/
2) /u/
3) /o/
4) /a/
5) /i/
6) /sh/
7) /s/
118
The ling test is a speech __________ task
Detection
119
What is the main use of the ling test?
Hearing aid function check
120
The ling test is _______ spoken to a child at a normal ___________ level, and then the child is asked to respond with what?
Phonemes
Conversational
Whether they heard the phoneme or not
121
Is the ling test standardized?
No, just an informal check
