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Cattle Medicine > 3 + 4: Diarrhoea in Calves > Flashcards

3 + 4: Diarrhoea in Calves Flashcards

(115 cards)

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1
Q

What % of fluid in the gut is from secretion?

A

80%

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2
Q

What % of water in the gut is absorbed?

A

95%

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3
Q

What kind of diarrhoea does ETEC cause?

A

Intestinal hypersecretion from enterotoxins

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4
Q

What kind of diarrhoea do rotavirus and coronavirus cause?

A

Malabsorptive from villous atrophy

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5
Q

Which part of the intestine does osmotic diarrhoea affect?

A

Diffuse intestinal

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6
Q

What causes osmotic diarrhoea?

A

CHO malabsorption including dietary intolerance, saline laxatives, overfeeding of normally digestible CHOs

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7
Q

What is the most common cause of osmotic diarrhoea?

A

Viruses

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8
Q

What happens to osmotic diarrhoea after feeding?

A

Gets worse

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9
Q

Why is faecal pH acidic in osmotic diarrhoea?

A

Due to lactic acid

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10
Q

Why does volume increase less in osmotic diarrhoea?

A

Due to compensatory absorption

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11
Q

What is the osmolality of the stool like in osmotic diarrhoea?

A

High osmolality stool with an “osmolal gap” between electrolytes and sugars

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12
Q

What causes secretory diarrhoea?

A

Bacterial enterotoxins

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13
Q

What is the mucosa like in secretory diarrhoea?

A

Inflammation

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14
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure like in secretory diarrhoea?

A

Elevated

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15
Q

What is osmolality like in secretory diarrhoea?

A

Normal, accounted for by electrolytes

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16
Q

What is volume like in secretory diarrhoea?

A

Very large, but absorptive mechanisms intact

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17
Q

What is pH like in secretory diarrhoea?

A

Normal or alkaline

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18
Q

What is the function of the villi?

A

Enzymes for absorption

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19
Q

What is the function of the crypt cells?

A

Only secrete Cl- and HCO3-, Na and water follow

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20
Q

Normally, is villous absorption or crypt secretion greater?

A

Villous absorption

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21
Q

Why does villous atrophy give increased secretion?

A

Crypt hyperplasia

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22
Q

Which toxins mediate ETEC hypersecretion?

A

ST and LT

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23
Q

How does ETEC enter the intestine?

A

Attaches to the mucosa in large numbers

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24
Q

Which part of the intestine is overwhelmed in ETEC?

A

Absorptive capacity of the LI

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25
Why can you use glucose-electrolyte solutions in ETEC?
Doesn't affect substrate-linked Na absorption
26
What happens to the microvilli in EHEC?
Lost
27
What kind of virus is rotavirus?
dsRNA
28
What rotavirus group affects calves?
A
29
What kind of scour does rotavirus give?
"White scour", mild
30
How many farms have rotavirus?
Endemic on most farms
31
At what age is rotavirus peak incidence?
10 days
32
What is the incubation period of rotavirus?
15 hours to 5 days
33
How long does rotavirus disease last?
4-8 days
34
How can you prevent rotavirus?
Vaccinate dam, manage exposure, increase antibody protection
35
Is rotavirus or coronavirus more common?
Rotavirus
36
Is rotavirus or coronavirus more severe?
Coronavirus
37
What kind of virus is coronavirus?
ssRNA
38
What kind of scour does coronavirus give?
Watery yellow with clots and mucous
39
What age calves get coronavirus?
1-3 weeks
40
What is the incubation of coronavirus?
20-30 hours
41
How long is the course on infection in coronavirus?
4-5 days
42
Which part of the intestine is affected in coronavirus?
LI
43
Is there a vaccine for coronavirus?
None
44
How do you diagnose coronavirus?
EM of faecal sample
45
How do you identify which E Coli strain you are dealing with?
Fimbrial antigens
46
Where is the extra-host maturation stage in crypto?
None
47
Which age calves get crypto?
7-14 days
48
At which age does crypto infection peak?
14 days
49
How long is the incubation of crypto?
2-4 days
50
What kind of scour does crypto give?
Watery green with mucous and sometimes blood
51
How many days does crypto infection last?
2-14, usually 7
52
What is morbidity and mortality like in crypto?
High morbidity, low mortality
53
Which part of the intestine does crypto affect?
LI
54
What do the villi look like in crypto?
Villi surface heavily infected, exfoliated enterocytes at tips
55
How useful are coccidiastats in crypto?
Limited
56
What disinfectants is crypto sensitive to?
Ammonia, formalin, freezing, steam
57
How do you diagnose crypto?
See oocysts in faecal smears
58
How do you treat crypto?
Self-limiting
59
Which two infections often occur together leading to high moebidity?
Crypto and rotavirus
60
What are the most common causes of disease in dairy/suckler beef?
Crypto and rotavirus
61
In which units is Salmonella mostly seen?
Calf rearer
62
What % of weaned calves have Campylobacter?
80%
63
What kind of scour does persistent peri-weaning calf diarrhoea give?
Grey-brown
64
What age calves get persistent peri-weaning calf diarrhoea?
3-10 weeks
65
What causes persistent peri-weaning calf diarrhoea?
Poor quality milk replacer
66
What is morbidity and mortality like in persistent peri-weaning calf diarrhoea?
High morbidity, low mortality
67
How do you treat persistent peri-weaning calf diarrhoea?
Try diet, management etc
68
Which kind of calves get necrotising enteritis?
Beef suckler calves
69
What age calves get necrotising enteritis?
2-4 months
70
What time of year do you see necrotising enteritis?
June/July (the Spring-born calves at pasture)
71
What is morbidity and mortality like in necrotising enteritis?
Low morbidity, high mortality
72
Why does necrotising enteritis look like BVDV?
Recurs every year
73
What kind of scour does necrotising enteritis give?
Profuse, muco-haemorrhagic
74
After how long does death occur in necrotising enteritis?
7-10 days
75
How do you treat necrotising enteritis?
Symptomatically
76
How does loss of ECF eventually lead to death?
Via acidosis to hyperK
77
What other problem does ECF loss give?
hypoNa
78
Which kind of calves in acidosis more pronounced in?
Older, depressed
79
Do you need severe dehydration to get acidosis?
No
80
Why is acidosis more common in older calves?
More able to hide illness than neonate
81
What does a Harleco apparatus do?
Allows immediate estimation of the acid-base status
82
How does a Harleco apparatus work?
Displaces CO2 with lactic acid
83
What is the acidosis like if there is less CO2?
More severe
84
What other conditions can you use a Harleco apparatus for?
Intestinal obstruction, toxic mastitis
85
How do you correct acidosis?
IV HaHCO3 (isotonic)
86
How many mmol HCO3 should you give?
200-400mmol spike
87
Which calves should you give IV fluids to?
Off suck, depressed, over 8% dehydrated
88
What happens to osmotic diarrhoea if you continue to feed?
get worse
89
How do you treat osmotic diarrhoea?
Withdraw milk and give oral fluids for 1-3 days if depressed and doesn't want to suck or if faeces are acidic
90
How should you re-introduce feed during osmotic diarrhoea treatment?
After three days, re-introduce at 5% bodyweight for 24 hours
91
How do you treat malnutrition in osmotic diarrhoea?
If depressed, give high energy oral fluids
92
Do you withdraw milk in secretory diarrhoea?
No - no reason to
93
What pH are faeces in secretory diarrhoea?
Alkaline
94
How do you treat secretory diarrhoea?
Rehydrate with oral fluids (% dehydration x body weight)
95
Which secretory diarrhoea has good results following treatments?
Uncomplicated ETEC
96
Why are secretory diarrhoea cases with gut inflammation a challenge?
Absorption is decreased
97
Why should you consider IV glucose fluids in secretory diarrhoea?
Oral may exacerbate diarrhoea
98
Where is the majority of the electrolyte loss from?
ECF
99
Which electrolytes do you give if loss is from the ECF?
Na and Cl
100
What else must fluids contain as well as electolytes?
GLucose, and alkalinising agents e.g. bicarbonate, l-lactate, acetate
101
Which alkalinising agents should you not use in IV fluids?
Gluconate and d-lactate
102
What can overdosing bicarb give?
Alkalosis, or paradoxical cerebrospinal acidosis
103
What problems can hypertonic bicarb cause?
HyperNa or hyperosmolality causing CSF haemorrhage
104
What is ideal mmol/L of bicarb?
40-80
105
Why should you not use actual bicarb when feeding?
Interferes with digestion
106
What is a problem with giving hyperosmotic solutions?
Osmolality delays gastric emptying
107
What % of a calf's energy requirement can fluids provide?
80%
108
How energy dense is fluids compared to milk?
46%
109
Why is Hartmann's not good for severe cases?
Acidic and can't add bicarb
110
So what should you use instead of Hartmann's?
Just saline and bicarb
111
What % glucose should you give if the calf is emaciated?
5%
112
When is the only time a calf needs nutritional support in fluids?
Emaciated, or off milk for 3 days
113
Which are some potential issues with fluid overload?
CNS oedema, congestive heart failure, resp distress
114
Which fluids are especially dangerous for overload?
High Na or low protein
115
What is a problem with correcting hypoCa or acidosis in animals with decreased whole-body potassium?
Precipitates hypoK as increased renal excretion

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