3,5,6 Flashcards

(79 cards)

1
Q

ERP

A

Number of electrodes placed on scalp to measure brain activity. Participants perform task.

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2
Q

PET

A

Radioactive tracer injected into patients.

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3
Q

MEG

A

Electrical activity tracker.

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4
Q

TMS

A

Turns neutrons on and off.

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5
Q

Glias

A

cells that support neutrons.

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6
Q

Glias: Astrocytes

A

creates blood-brain barrier, influences communication between neutrons and heals brain damage.

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7
Q

Glias: Oligodendroglia

A

provides myelin to speed up transmission of neurones.

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8
Q

Glias: Microglia

A

cleans up dead cells preventing infection.

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9
Q

Dendrites

A

receive information from other neurones and sensory receptors.

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10
Q

Cell body

A

receives information from dendrites; if there is enough stimulation, the information is passed to the axon.

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11
Q

Axon

A

carries neuron message to the terminal buttons.

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12
Q

Myelin sheath

A

type of glial cell that covers segments of axon to speed neural impulses.

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13
Q

Terminal buttons

A

Form Junctions of axons with other cells; releasing neural transmitters

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14
Q

Resting Potential

A

negative on the inside (-70)

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15
Q

Where does AP travel?

A

AP travels from soma to terminal buttons

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16
Q

Action Potential

A

when a neurones fires; ion channels regulate number of ions inside and outside of the axon.

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17
Q

Nodes of Ravier

A

bare axon between areas wrapped in myelin sheath.

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18
Q

Do neurotransmitter cites and receptor cites have to fit together?

A

Yes.

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19
Q

Neurotransmitter Agonist

A

Mimics neurotransmitters

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20
Q

Neurotransmitter antagonist

A

opposes action of neurotransmitter

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21
Q

Postsynaptic

A

neurotransmitters bind to receptors - ions flow

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22
Q

Excitatory

A

depolarize the neurones - increased likelihood of AP

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23
Q

Inhibitory

A

decreases likelihood of AP

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24
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

the brains ability to make new neural connections.

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25
Afferent
Neurons - Body - Spine
26
Efferent
Neurons - CNS - PNS
27
Reflex Circuit
Interneuron - sensory - motor
28
Hindbrain includes
RF, Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum
29
Parkinsons disease developed in which part of the brain?
Midbrain
30
Cerebral Cortex
thinking, memory, mood, morality, vision
31
Neocortex
Sensory, motor and higher level of thinking
32
Sensory Receptor Cells
transmits environmental stimuli into neural impulses
33
Sensory Transduction
converts sensory data into a neural impulse the brain can read
34
Absolute Threshold
smallest amount of stimuli needed to detect
35
Difference Threshold
minimal difference needed to notice a difference between stimuli
36
Sensory Coding
Neurons can only do APs
37
Anatomical Coding
different features of stimulus are needed by different neurones
38
Temporal Coding
Different features are coded by neurones activity pattern. Firing faster or slower communicates intensity
39
Sensory Adaptation
Repeated stimulation of sensory leads to future reduced response.
40
Bottom-up Processing
raw data from environment to turn into impulses. (EFFORT)
41
Top-down Processing
beings in the mind led by cognitive processes memory and expectation. (EASY)
42
Olfactory (smell) Transduction
binds odorants to neural impulses
43
Pathways of Olfactory
Olfactory cilia - neural impulse - olfactory nerve - olfactory bulb
44
Papillae
contain taste buds
45
Gustation
taste
46
Somatosensory Receptors
free nerve endings on the surface of the skin. pressure and pain
47
Meissners Corpuscles
Located on hairless skin. sensitive
48
Merkels Discs
located near skins surface. light to moderate pressure.
49
Ruffinis Organs
deep in skin, heavy pressure, movement of joints
50
Pacinian receptors
deep in the skin, vibrations and heavy pressure.
51
Fast pathway
myelinated axons. sharp and localized pain is felt quicker
52
Slow pathway
unmyelinateud axons. burning pain is slower to be felt
53
Gate Control Theory
patterns of neural activity can close a "gate" that prevents messages from reaching the pain part of the brain
54
Sound Waves
vibrations in the air
55
Frequency
number of cycles per second in a wave
56
Amplitude
the magnitude of a wave. determines loudness
57
Pinna
funnels sound
58
Eardrum
vibrates sound waves
59
Ossicles, hammer, anvil, and stirrup
transmit vibrations to the inner ear
60
Bascillar Membrane
contains auditory receptor cells
61
Tonotopic Maps. How does sound travel the brain?
Brainstem - thalamus - auditory cortex
62
Place theory (Heinholtz)
different sound frequencies activate different regions of bascillar membrane.
63
Frequency Theory (Rutherford)
Different sound frequencies are converted into different rates of AP
64
Travelling Wave Theory (Von Beskey)
Place theory and frequency theory combined
65
Visual Transduction
process of converting light (photons) into neural impulses
66
Retina
photoreceptors send axons to the optic disk. rods and cones are in the retina
67
Recall
different wavelengths = different colours. (RBG)
68
Trichromatic theory
we has three types of colour receptors
69
Colour Vision
Four primary colours belong to opposing pairs. Takes place in the ganglion cells in the retina.
70
Opponent process theory
both types of cells fire at a steady rate when NOT stimulated
71
What Pathway - Visual Agnosia
damage to the what pathway. cannot recognize objects
72
What Pathway - Prosopognosia
form of visual agnosia in which people cannot recognize faces
73
Where Pathway - Hemi Neglect
damage to the where pathway. people ignore one side of their visual pathway
74
Binocular Cues
cues from both eyes
75
Binocular: Retinal Disparity
Different images are cast on the retinas
76
Binocular: Convergence
eyes ore inward/outward to focus
77
Monocular: Elevation
things that are higher are perceived farther
78
Monocular: Texture gradient
closer things are clearer
79
fMRI
tracks flow of info rather than static imaging (MRI)