3

Question 1

immunology

Answer 1

the study of the body’s ability to distinguish self from non-self and the mechanisms used to eliminate non-self

Question 2

innate immunity

Answer 2

1. non-specific
2. non-inducible
3. no memory produced
4. recognition of conserved regions

Question 3

acquired (adaptive immunity)

Answer 3

1. specific
2. inducible
3. memory produced
4. recognition of conserved **and nonconcerved regions

Question 4

physical factors (barriers for defense)

Answer 4

1. skin: epidermis consists of tightly packed cells with keratin (WALL)
2. mucous: traps microbes
   - colliery escalator: microbes trapped in mucous are transported away from the lungs (TRAP)
3. secretions:
   - 1) lacrimal apparatus: washes eye
   - 2) saliva: washes microbes off
   - 3) urine: flows out
   - 4) vaginal secretions (flow out)

Question 5

chemical factors

Answer 5

**create harsh environments that organisms cannot grow in (not hospitable)

1. fungistatic fatty acid in sebum
2. low pH (3-5) of skin
3. lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine
4. low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice
5. low pH (3-5) of vaginal secretions

Question 6

cellular components of immunity

Answer 6

1. erythrocytes
2. platelets
3. leukocytes
4. lymphocytes

Question 7

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Answer 7

(granulocytes)

1. basophils
2. eosinophils
3. neutrophils

contain granules which mediate function (basically have vesicles filled with things to perform various functions)

differ in:

• function
• morphology and staining
• concentration (more of certain ones can indicate specific infections)

Question 8

agranular leukocytes

Answer 8

1. monocytes
2. macrophage
3. dendritic cells

Question 9

lymphocytes

Answer 9

1. T cells
2. B cells
3. large granular lymphocytes

Question 10

erythrocytes (RBCs)

Answer 10

1. anuclear sacs of hemoglobin
2. play no role in immune response
3. can be immunogenic (could trigger an immune response from a blood transfusion)

Question 11

platelets

Answer 11

1. megakaryotic fragments (megokaryotes - cells that ends up platelets)
2. function blood clotting and inflammation

Question 12

basophils

Answer 12

(granulocyte)

1. stain w/ *basic dyes
2. help mediate allergy and inflammatory response
3. release histamine and inflammatory mediators from granules
4. make up only about 0.5% of all circulating WBCs

Question 13

eosinophils

Answer 13

1. stain with *acidic dye eosin
2. function in parasitic diseases and allergy
3. phagocytic (eats)
4. only 2-4% of circulating WBCs

Question 14

neutrophils

Answer 14

1. stain with both acidic and basic dyes
2. professional phagocytes of innate immunity
3. destruction phagocytosed material mediated by granules
4. 60-70%of circulating WBCs

pus - mostly neutrophilic debris

Question 15

dendritic cells

Answer 15

**agranular
(antigen-presenting - help develop acquired immunity

1. professional phagocyte
2. named for their long membrane extension that resemble dendrites of nerve cells
3. found in tissues and secondary lymphoid organs

Question 16

monocytes

Answer 16

**agranular
(pre-macrophage)

1. phagocytic
2. short life-span in blood
3. move to tissues where they differentiate into macrophages
4. 3-7% of circulating WBCs

a) generate in lymphoid organs
b) circulate in blood
c) specialize in tissues

Question 17

macrophages

Answer 17

1. typically differentiate from blood monocytes
2. professional phagocytes
3. either as fixed or free macrophages
4. exist in various states
   - resting
   - induced (primed)
   - activated

Question 18

how are macrophages activated

Answer 18

a) activated by TH cytokines and bacterial cell walls
b) more phagocytic
c) enhanced ability to kill ingested microbes
d) increased ability to activate T cells

**positive feedback system