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Question 1

What does Article VI of the U.S. Constitution establish?

Answer 1

It establishes the supremacy of federal law over state laws and requires an oath of office for government officials.

Question 2

What does the 10th Amendment state?

Answer 2

It states that powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved for the states or the people.

Question 3

What is Police Power in the context of states?

Answer 3

It is the inherent power of states to regulate for the health, safety, welfare, and morals of their residents.

Question 4

What is the Commerce Clause?

Answer 4

It is a clause in the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8) granting Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce.

Question 5

What are the two clauses of the 14th Amendment?

Answer 5

Equal Protection and Due Process.

Question 6

What does the Equal Protection clause ensure?

Answer 6

It ensures that no state shall deny any person within its jurisdiction equal protection of the laws.

Question 7

What does the Due Process clause guarantee?

Answer 7

It guarantees that no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

Question 8

What are Civil Rights?

Answer 8

Protections against discrimination and actions that ensure equality for all individuals.

Question 9

What are Civil Liberties?

Answer 9

Fundamental individual freedoms guaranteed by the Bill of Rights and the Constitution.

Question 10

What are Block Grants?

Answer 10

Federal funds given to states with few restrictions on how they may be used.

Question 11

What was the ruling in Barron v. Baltimore?

Answer 11

The ruling stated that the Bill of Rights only applied to the federal government, not to the states.

Question 12

What was the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson?

Answer 12

It upheld racial segregation under the doctrine of ‘separate but equal.’

Question 13

What is Laissez-faire Jurisprudence?

Answer 13

A legal philosophy advocating minimal government interference in business and economic affairs.

Question 14

What is the Liberty to Contract?

Answer 14

The concept that individuals have the freedom to enter into contracts without excessive government regulation.

Question 15

What was the outcome of Brown v. Board of Education?

Answer 15

It declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Question 16

What is Sociological Jurisprudence?

Answer 16

A legal philosophy that considers social factors and the effects of law on society when making legal decisions.

Question 17

What do Miranda, Gideon, and Mapp refer to?

Answer 17

Miranda refers to the right to be informed of one’s rights during arrest; Gideon established the right to counsel for defendants who cannot afford an attorney; Mapp established the exclusionary rule.

Question 18

What is the Incorporation Doctrine?

Answer 18

The legal doctrine that the Bill of Rights applies to state governments through the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause.

Question 19

What are Categorical Grants?

Answer 19

Federal funds given to states or localities for specific purposes with strict rules on how the money is to be spent.

Question 20

What are Concurrent Powers?

Answer 20

Powers that are shared by both the federal government and state governments, such as the power to tax.

Question 21

What is a Confederation?

Answer 21

A political system where the central government is weak, and the constituent states retain most of the power.

Question 22

What are Conditions of Aid?

Answer 22

Conditions set by the federal government that states must meet to receive federal funds.

Question 23

What is Cooperative Federalism?

Answer 23

A system where the federal and state governments work together to solve problems, often through federal funding.

Question 24

What is Dual Federalism?

Answer 24

A system where state and federal governments operate independently in their own spheres of influence.

Question 25

What is the Elastic Clause?

Answer 25

The clause in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution that allows Congress to pass any laws necessary and proper for carrying out its enumerated powers.

Question 26

What are Enumerated Powers?

Answer 26

Powers explicitly granted to Congress by the U.S. Constitution, such as the power to tax, regulate commerce, and declare war.

Question 27

What is Extradition?

Answer 27

The legal process by which one state or country surrenders a suspected or convicted criminal to another state or country.

Question 28

What is Federalism?

Answer 28

A system of government in which power is divided between a central (federal) government and regional (state) governments.

Question 29

What are Formula Grants?

Answer 29

Federal funds distributed to states based on a predetermined formula, often related to population or need.

Question 30

What is Fiscal Federalism?

Answer 30

The financial relationship between federal and state governments, including grants and aid.

Question 31

What is Full Faith and Credit?

Answer 31

A constitutional provision requiring states to recognize the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of other states.

Question 32

What was the ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland?

Answer 32

It upheld the power of the federal government to create a national bank and established the principle of implied powers.

Question 33

What are Grants-in-Aid?

Answer 33

Federal funds provided to state and local governments for specific projects or programs.

Question 34

What are Implied Powers?

Answer 34

Powers not specifically stated in the Constitution but inferred from the expressed powers.

Question 35

What are Mandates?

Answer 35

Directives issued by the federal government requiring states or localities to comply with certain regulations or requirements.

Question 36

What is Nullification?

Answer 36

The theory that states have the right to invalidate federal laws they believe are unconstitutional.

Question 37

What are Privileges and Immunities?

Answer 37

Constitutional provisions guaranteeing that citizens of each state are entitled to the privileges and immunities of other states.

Question 38

What are Project Grants?

Answer 38

Federal funds given to state or local governments for specific projects, often through a competitive process.

Question 39

What is Revenue Sharing?

Answer 39

The distribution of a portion of federal tax revenues to state and local governments with few restrictions on how the money is spent.

Question 40

What was the ruling in US v. Darby/Fair Labor Standards Act?

Answer 40

It affirmed the federal government’s authority to regulate labor standards, including wages and hours.

Question 41

What does 'Aggregate Effect upon Interstate Commerce' refer to?

Answer 41

A legal principle used in cases like Wickard v. Filburn, where even local activities that individually may not affect interstate commerce can be regulated if they have a cumulative impact.

Question 42

What was the significance of US v. Heart of Atlanta Hotel?

Answer 42

It upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and confirmed Congress' power to regulate interstate commerce to prohibit racial discrimination in public accommodations.

Question 43

What was the ruling in US v. Lopez?

Answer 43

It limited the scope of the Commerce Clause, ruling that Congress had overstepped its power by banning guns near schools.

Question 44

What was the outcome of US v. Morrison?

Answer 44

It limited the application of the Commerce Clause and rejected the Violence Against Women Act under federal power.

Question 45

What is the difference between Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Results?

Answer 45

Equality of Opportunity ensures that all individuals have the same chance to succeed, while Equality of Results ensures that outcomes or benefits are distributed equally among individuals.