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Question 1

What makes up the right border of the heart?

Answer 1

(SVC) and right atrium

Question 2

What makes up the inferior border of the heart?

Answer 2

The right and left ventricle

Question 3

What makes up the left border of the heart?

Answer 3

Left ventricle and some of the left atrium (the left auricular appendage)

Question 4

What makes up the superior border of the heart?

Answer 4

The right and left atrium and the great vessels

Question 5

The anterior mediastinum is the part closest to the …………..

Answer 5

sternum

Question 6

The posterior mediastinum is the part closest to the ……….

Answer 6

spine

Question 7

What is the coronary sulcus/atrioventricular groove?

Answer 7

It is a groove that runs transversely around the heart. It represents the wall dividing the atria from the ventricles.

Question 8

What is the oblique pericardial sinus?

Answer 8

A blind ending passageway located on the posterior surface of the heart.

Question 9

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

Answer 9

A passageway found superiorly on the heart. It separates the arterial vessels and the venous vessels of the heart.

Question 10

What is pericardial effusion?

Answer 10

An accumulation of fluid in the pericardium.

Question 11

What does pericardial effusion cause?

Answer 11

It puts pressure on the heart, affecting diastole- the heart cannot fill properly. This is called cardiac tamponade.

Question 12

Explain diastole and systole.

Answer 12

Systole occurs when the heart contracts to pump blood and diastole occur when the heart relaxes and fills with blood after contraction.

Question 13

Define cardiac tamponade.

Answer 13

Compression of the heart due to fluid build up in the sac surrounding the heart.

Question 14

An ECG is a ………../…………. graph.

Answer 14

voltage/time

Question 15

A standard ECG trace is how many cm and seconds long?

Answer 15

25cm, 10 seconds.

Question 16

What does the P wave and the flat line after represent?

Answer 16

Atrial depolarisation.

Transmission through the AVN.

Question 17

Why is the P wave a small wave?

Answer 17

There is less electrical tissue than in the ventricles.

Question 18

Transmission through the AVN is …….. to allow ventricles to fill.

Answer 18

slow

Question 19

Transmission through the AVN is …….. to allow ventricles to fill.

Answer 19

slow

Question 20

What does the QRS complex represent?

Answer 20

Ventricular depolarisation.

Atrial repolarisation occurs but isn’t seen on the ECG

Question 21

What does the T wave represent?

Answer 21

Ventricular repolarisation

Question 22

What is the QT interval?

What are the normal values?

Answer 22

A measure of the time to ventricular repolarisation.
Men: 350-440 ms
Women: 350-460 ms

Question 23

How long does the interval between the P wave and QRS complex last?

Answer 23

120-200 ms

Question 24

How long does QRS complex last?

Answer 24

<120 ms

Question 25

What is the difference between electrodes and leads?

Answer 25

An electrode is a physical connection to the patient which measures a potential at that point and a lead is the graphical representation of the electrical activity.

Question 26

How many electrodes record 12 lead ECG?

Answer 26

10 electrodes.

Question 27

How many leads on a 12 lead ECG?

Answer 27

12

Question 28

What are the 4 limb electrodes and their colours?

Answer 28

RA - Red LA - Yellow RL - Black LL - Green

Question 29

Which of the limb electrodes is neutral and used to reduce artefacts?

Answer 29

RL Black

Question 30

Explain what is meant by bipolar when referencing limb electrodes:

Answer 30

Single positive and a single negative electrode between which electrical potentials are measured.

Question 31

Explain what is meant by unipolar when referencing limb electrodes:

Answer 31

Single positive recording electrode and utilize a combination of the other electrodes to serve as a composite negative electrode.

Question 32

Name the 12 leads.

Answer 32

``` Lead I Lead II Lead III aVR aVL aVF V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 ```

Question 33

Which part of the hearts circulation do the lateral leads correspond to?

Answer 33

Circumflex artery.

Question 34

Which leads are lateral?

Answer 34

aVL, Lead I, V5 and V6.

Question 35

Which part of the hearts circulation do the anterior leads correspond to?

Answer 35

Left anterior descending artery.

Question 36

Which leads are anterior?

Answer 36

V2, V3 and V4.

Question 37

Which part of the hearts circulation do the inferior leads correspond to?

Answer 37

Right Coronary artery.

Question 38

Which leads are inferior?

Answer 38

Lead II, Lead III and aVF.

Question 39

Which lead is septal?

Answer 39

V1

Question 40

Which leads are the chest leads?

Answer 40

V1-V6.

Question 41

Which leads are bipolar?

Answer 41

Limb leads- Lead I-III

Question 42

Which leads are unipolar?

Answer 42

Limb leads- aVR, aVL and aVF | Chest leads- V1-6