3 B

Question 0

What are the two purposes of aminostransferases or transaminases?

Answer 0

Deamination and synthesis of non-essential amino acids within liver hepatocytes.

Question 1

What is the first step of amino acid catabolism in the liver?

Answer 1

Deamination (removal of an NH2)

Question 2

What is the fate of the amine groups produced by amino acid catabolism?

Answer 2

They are first converted to NH3 or NH4 and then to urea where they are then excreted from the body

Question 3

What can a build up of urea in the blood cause?

Answer 3

Uremia or azotemia (often a symptom of renal disease or renal failure)

Question 4

Why would someone with renal disease or renal failure be put on a low protein diet?

Answer 4

To reduce the amount of urea they produce as they will have a hard time excreting it.

Question 5

What are four things that increase BUN?

Answer 5

Impaired renal function
Increased protein intake or catabolism
GI bleeding (due to intestinal flora creating nitrogenous waste)
Dehydration

Question 6

What important liver hepatocyte enzyme is required for endogenous cholesterol synthesis?

Answer 6

HMG-CoA reductase

Question 7

What is the only way the body can get rid of excess cholesterol?

Answer 7

Through the bile

Question 8

What causes gall stones?

Answer 8

Excess cholesterol

Question 9

Digestion of what causes gall stones?

Answer 9

Fat

Question 10

What are the three causes of ketogenesis?

Answer 10

Fasting states, poorly controlled type I diabetes mellitus

Question 11

What organ degrades all steroid hormones as well as T3 and T4?

Answer 11

The liver

Question 12

What transports Iron from the stomach to the SI and releases it for absorption?

Answer 12

Gastroferritin

Question 13

What carries Iron from the blood to the liver?

Answer 13

Transferrin

Question 14

What binds Iron in the liver and stores it?

Answer 14

Apoferritin

Question 15

What is the storage form of Iron in the liver called?

Answer 15

Ferritin

Question 16

What three vitamins does the liver store in large quantities?

Answer 16

B12, A, D

Question 17

What is the purpose of drug metabolism?

Answer 17

To make drugs less active and more water soluble and thus more readily excreted in the urine and bile.

Question 18

What is phase I of drug metabolism marked by?

Answer 18

Cytochrome P 450

Question 19

What is phase II of drug metabolism marked by?

Answer 19

Conjugation

Question 20

What is the purpose of conjugation?

Answer 20

To make something more H2O (polar or hydrophilic) soluble by adding a metabolite.

Question 21

What does CP450 inhibition do?

Answer 21

Decreases metabolic activity of CP 450 enzymes leading to decreased metabolism of the drug and increased effects of the drug

Question 22

What does a CP450 inducer do?

Answer 22

It increases the activity of the CP450 enzymes leading to increased metabolism of the drug which decreases the effects of the drug.

Question 23

What are the three major types of plasma proteins?

Answer 23

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

Question 24

What are the major functions of the proteins synthesized by the liver?

Answer 24

Oncotic pressure (albumin) Buffering capacity of the blood (albumin) Transport of hormones (albumin and globulin) Carriers (albumin and globulin) Blood clotting (fibrinogen) Immune response (gamma-globulin)

Question 25

What are the organic constituents of bile?

Answer 25

Bile salts Phospholipids Cholesterol Bile pigments (bilirubin)

Question 26

What two primary bile acids are synthesized by hepatocytes?

Answer 26

Cholic acid | Chenodeoxycholic acid

Question 27

Primary bile acids are converted by intestinal bacteria into what two secondary bile acids?

Answer 27

Deoxycholic acid | Lithocholic acid

Question 28

What is the difference between bile acids and bile salts?

Answer 28

Bile salts are just bile acids that have the amino acids glycine or taurine conjugated to them

Question 29

What property does conjugating bile acids give to bile salts?

Answer 29

It makes them amphipathic

Question 30

What is the most common phospholipid found in bile?

Answer 30

Lecithin

Question 31

What accounts for the majority of cholesterol breakdown in the body?

Answer 31

Conversion of cholesterol to bile acids.

Question 32

Outline the breakdown of hemoglobin:

Answer 32

Heme- biliverdin- bilirubin- bile- feces

Question 33

What are two other names for bilirubin and how is it transported in the blood?

Answer 33

Indirect bilirubin or unconjugated bilirubin Carried in the blood attached to albumin

Question 34

What form of bilirubin is excreted in the urine?

Answer 34

Urobilin

Question 35

What enzyme is necessary for the conjugation of bilirubin?

Answer 35

Glucuronyl transferase

Question 36

What are the three steps of bile synthesis?

Answer 36

1. Hepatocytes actively secrete bile into the bile canals (canaliculi) 2. Intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts transport the bile and the cells that line the ducts secrete a watery HCO3 fluid 3. Between meals 1/2 the bile is diverted to the gall bladder which stores the bile and removes salts and water

Question 37

What are the two main functions of bile?

Answer 37

It provides the sole excretory route for many solutes that are not excreted by the kidneys Secreted bile salts and lecithin are required for normal lipid digestion and absorption in the small intestine